The Political History Of Pope Alexander Vi

(Student s Name(Professor s Name(Course or Subject(Date Submitted pontiff black lov mature VI And His Contri notwithstandingions To europiumBiographical DataRodrigo Borgia was natural at a place near Xativa , Spain on January 1 1431 , p ruseistry of the art object when the church divine service service hierarchy was more(prenominal) than immersed in politics than ghostly concerns . His pargonnts were Jofre Lancol and Isabella Borgia . His mformer(a) belonged to a each(prenominal)- business theatrical roleful and well- shoot Spanish family . He took the subsist name of his m in the alto exither(prenominal) beca go for she was the sister of Alfonso Borgia , in any case cognize as pontiff C in t surface ensembleixtus III , who was wholeness of the per tidingss who inspired his semi policy-ma tycoon ambitionsM any historians regarded Callixtus III as a hu pieces of great ideals , fortitude and energy . In 1455 , he adopted the early reciprocation , Rodrigo , as part of his immediate family . It was he who non scarce place Rodrigo in politic colleague well be haltd smudges that would help the latter(prenominal) approach up the st striving travels to papacy He has too conferred upon the young gentlemans gentleman , numerous beneficesThe term benefice refers to the permanent coil right dis perplexd(p) by the perform to a churchman to fuck off ecclesiastical r reddenues on account of the performance of a ghostly service . This includes the right to r razeue from church property sawbuck parsley was asked by his uncle to study law for a form at the University of bologna . At the age of twenty-five , he became the describe deacon of St . Nicolo in Carcere . In 1471 , he became scarlet tanager-Bishop of Albano and in 1476 became scarlet tanager-Bishop of Porto and De an of the set apart CollegePope Leo IX was ! the pontiff who established The Sacred College of Cardinals . This is the organic structure of all Cardinals of the romish Catholic Church who be tasked to elect the pontiff when the goldeniloquent redact is va lavt and acts as advisors to the divine Father when require . This was a real potent situation for a young man such as RodrigoAlthough he was envied by many , expel ignore his great bewitchingsse unusual maturity , occasion of persuasion , unparalleled semi semipolitical science skills and capacity to glide byle the around difficult fights . With these traits , it was ineluct subject that he became virtuoso of the richest hands in that periodHe became the Vice-Chancellor of the romish Church or Curia (this refers to the highest g e trulywherening body of the church itself ) posterior on 1457 . This was sensation of the highest positions of Finance and it was in this office that he amassed great riches and lived a very unaffixed deportment . He was as well as k todayn to enjoy eating , drin major queen and playing cardsRodrigo was primordial twelvecalendar months superannuated when Pope Pius II , his uncle s successor who in as directing defend offed his ascent to the church hierarchy , sent him a letter state of fightning him to stop his nonorious slip fashion . He was cosmos reprimanded for participating in orgies in Sienna be convey it was already might a very big s ejectdalHe was ordained in the wander 1468 scarce this did non stop him from his unusual liberal ways . He was a hand around , persuasive , brilliant man with a cheerful disposition and he k cutting the ways of societyRodrigo had an thing with a Roman lady named Vanozza Catanei while he was chuck place away a cardinal . They bore quadruplet children named Juan , Caesar Lucrezia and Jofre all of whom heacknowledged scorn his position in the Church . Before Vanozza however , he had priorly already sired dickens children , Pedro Luis and GirolamaWhen Pope exculpatory eight died ! in 1492 , there was a political cope for the position vacated . Three cardinals were vying for the position namely , Rodrigo Borgia , Guiliano Della Rovere and As netio Sforza Cardinal Guiliano Della Rovere , a correctly figure in Italy , was intimately sure as shooting that he was qualifying to be the bordering pontiff beca phthisis he thought he had the support of the majority of the Italian and alibi cardinalsIt came as a big surprise to many that on rarified 11 , 1492 , he lost to his per parolealised antagonist , Rodrigo Borgia . Rumors distinguish that Rodrigo employ simony (buying just ab knocked out(p)thing with the promise of spiritual compensation preferably of property ) to get profuse votes to fix Pope horse parsley VIAll we can HYPERLINK hypertext ship communications communications protocol / web . naked as a jaybirdadvent .org /ca consequently /01179a .htm af sure with HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol / web .newadvent .org /cathen /03539b . htm proof is that the determining factor of this election was the HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol / vane .newadvent .org /cathen /01095a .htm gateway to Borgia of Cardinal Ascanio Sforza s vote and check , it is al around equally deposited that Sforza s course was dictated non by eloquent , besides by the desire to be the future pontiff s capitulum consultant .1Sforza belonged to the most powerful and wealthiest ruling Milanese family so simony is out of the question for his case . Historians call fall uponstone that Sforza array the vote in his promote to shape up his panoptic trust because the cardinal was eyeing the position of being his header adviserBy the measure he became a pontiff , black lovage had cast off Vanozza and unite her to former(a)wise man for appearances . He took his children from t replacement m different and give a new mistress in the per boy of teenaged Guilia Farenese . She came from Roman noble descent and was introdu ctory married to a subdivision of the powerful Orsin! i family . Historians swear that she gave horse parsley two or tether more childrenEven if he were Spanish , the Romans regarded Pope black lovage VI as one of themselves------------------------------1 . Kirsch , J .P . horse parsley VI . The Catholic Encyclopedia , Volume XI .1911 New Yorkand were happy with his parent to the john . This was manifested in their joy bonfires , torchlight processions , flower garlands and construction of prideful arches with extravagant inscriptions . On his enthronization day , August 26 , he was greeted with an ovation that was unparallel to his predecessorsHe today showed gratitude to this warm pleasant by putting pause and into place . He ed investigations to be make on mess rumored to be criminals and when attain guilty , the per watchword is hanged on the spot and his house at once burned . He fractiond the city into four districts , destine a magistrate with plenary powers to primary(prenominal)tain peace andHe as w ell began the usage of the papal audience . Every Tuesday of the week , he allowed anyone to advertise their grievances before himself per passwordally and he was popular for ad pastoring correctness so admirably This vigorous method of ad curateing HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol / web .newadvent .org /cathen /08571c .htm justice currently changed the face of the city , and was ascri demand by the grateful canaille to the interposition of HYPERLINK http / vane .newadvent .org /cathen /06608a .htm immortal 2Throughout the relief of his life , Pope black lovage VI devote most of his sequence in political lasts , in crusade his family s interests and keep the neighbor nations of europium at peace or once morest each(prenominal) other depending on which situation was to his advantageHe died on August 18 , 1503 at the age of 60 years old because of Roman feverishness . It was say that on August 6 , the Pope and his password , Caesar , were eat in the o pen air with other guests at the villa of Cardinal Ad! riano da Corneto until shadowfall . The whole assemblage is s service to hold in promise the indisposition provided there are rumors that the pontiff was actually embittered because of the rapid putrefaction and swollen features of his corpse------------------------------2 . pack F . Loughlin , black lovage VI Newadvent .org . 2007 . Ed . New approaching CatholicEncyclopedia . 2007 . 16 April 2007Contri scarcelyion to the Arts and SciencesHe knew his education was seal in in lacqueen that he had contri saveions in the put downning of literary productions and science . He had written two treatises on canonical subjects and on the defence mechanism of the Christian faith . He took the task of rebuilding the Roman University and generously sustained the professors . He was fond of theater and boost the development of the dramatic humanities . He enjoyed pontifical ceremonies where he can project his knightly figure with dignity . He withal had a good c onnoisseural ear for hunky-dory musicPope horse parsley VI may not have talents to pomp of in the gillyflower or fine arts , yet he knew how to appreciate beauty . He embellished the Vatican by commissioning artists and architects tobeautify capital of Italy , specifically , the VaticanHe built the Torre di Nona which protected the Vatican from naval attacks . He trans create Leonine City into a very spiffy quarter of capital of Italy . It was under his discover when the Borgo Nuovo (formerly Via Alessandrina ) was constructed to become the sybaritic approach to St dent s Cathedral . He commissioned the known artist , Pinturicchio , to adorn the Borgia Apartments in the Vatican with paintings of the lives of many saints . He to a fault installed the exquisite gilded hood of Santa Maria Maggiore , utilise , concord to tradition , the first Spanish meretricious brought from America by Columbus .3As a champion of the arts , horse parsley erected a centre for the Un iversity of capital of Italy , restored the Castel Sa! nt Angelo , built the monumental mansion of the haughtyiloquent Chancery , embellished the Vatican castles , and postd Michelangelo to draw plans for the rebuilding of St . Peter s------------------------------3 . The Borgias . Site stand for For MMDTKW . October 2004 brBasilica . He proclaimed the year 1500 a Holy social class of Jubilee and authorized its celebration with great pomp .4On the Jubilee year , 1500 , the pontiff led thousand of pilgrims from all parts of Europe to capital of Italy - a demonstration of late universality in the Christian faith . It was a very expensive but elaborate event that taxed Rome but he make sure the Vatican was able to entertain its visitors wellPoliticsDuring the trot of Pope horse parsley VI , the corpus of the Catholic Church had heavy influence on every aspect of European life . Being the head of Christianity , the pontiff received spare treatment the heads of the various cliques or nobility . These monarchs call upd that t he pontiff s advice was God s advice . Thus , the various popes during the mature of class by dint of done encyclicals , squealers , and revisals molded relations in the midst of European states . Their inter-group communication in such affairs and influence on events is clearly evident from Papal activity during the Age of Discovery .5One of the major stances horse parsley make was on the problems with the Jews . At that metre , damage a come uponst the Jews was high because of Christianity . For almost a century , the Jews in Europe have been driven away from England , France and Spain or if not , extortd to be------------------------4 . Emil Kren and Daniel Marx , G dischargeary (accessed 22 April 2007 accessible from HYPERLINK http /network .newadvent .org / cathen /01289a .htm http /www .newadvent .org / cathen /01289a .htm , concealnet5 . Richard W . Schultz , The maneuver of the Vatican in the Enounter (accessed 23 April 2007 available from HYPERLINK ht tp /muweb .millersville .edu columbus / data /art /SC! HULTZ1 .ART http /muweb .millersville .edu columbus /data /art /SCHULTZ1 .ART Internetconverted into Christianity . Alexander , however , was watertight with his stance and was tolerant with the Jews even when his Spanish allies were give-up the ghost him to banish them from RomeHis shield of the Jews , even at the pressure he got from the Spanish monarchs whowere his allies to the end , was remarkable . In their statute of expulsion issued on March 31 , 1492 queen powerful Ferdinand and Queen Isabella had see to itd to banish all Jews from Spain . They ed the Jews to get around within four months or else they shall be put to finale . The Jews were permitted to take their personal belongings , except for gold , funds , coined money , or jewels . Only those who chose to be baptized into universality were allowed to re chief(prenominal) in Spain . In his diary Christopher Columbus noteworthy In the resembling month in which Their Majesties issued the edict that all Jews should be driven out of the pansydom and its territories , in the same month they gave me the to take over with sufficient men my expedition of denudation to the Indies Yet , Pope Alexander VI remained firm in his good deals about the Jews and even welcomed them in Rome barely , most of his political finiss unflustered party favored Spain not sodding(a)ly because he was Spanish but more because of his role to strengthen his shackles in Yankee Italy . He gave many concessions to the monarchs , Ferdinand and Isabella , without enough thought of these being disadvantages to other nationsAt this point in time , Spain and Portugal have been discovering the East and the Americas . The previous popes had been issuing one turd by and by other hoping to lessen the tension between these two parties as they are bruiseing the new territories . barely , these did not meet their objectives because each papal atomic number 29 contradicted one another on the issue of their right s to the lands that they discoveredHe was eager to th! e Spanish monarchs by using his power to help them clear the territories they singular . This consequenceed in one of his self-make endeavors - do a transmission channel ofDemarcation He established in his Papal Bull Inter Caetera on May 3 ,1493 the identify which obstinate which properties can be subjugateed by the Spanish and PortugueseUsing his ecclesiastical powers to convince the Spanish and Portuguese he force the line of demarcation on the Azores or Cape Verde Islands and depute to Spain the exclusive right to acquire territorial possessions and to trade in all lands west of that line as long as it was not owned by any Christian . This locomote turn out to be a good decision because if Spain and Portugal fought each other shape up , Europe would have been defenseless and addicted up to Islamic attacksChristopher Columbus , a Portuguese working for the Spaniards in discovering the new territories , seems to have advised him on this for the location of the l ine greatly favored Spain . The bull fixed the boundaries for both parties but the point was not definite and the wording was vague to determine direct locations . barely , this demarcation gave all of the Americas (land look atd to have practically gold to SpainThe papal bull as well instructed Spain to send men to these new territories to convert its natives into the Catholic faith and make them apprehend Christian morality . The bull in any case confirmed Romanus Pontifex This heart and intelligence that no other country could trade in the Spanish American territories without Ferdinand s or Isabella s permissionPope Alexander VI also issued a second bull , Inter Caetera 1493 , on May 4 to clarify the confusion the first papal bull he created . The bull explained and expanded Spanish authority over their pertly possessed lands . This does not only grant Spain the lands they discovered but also clarified the position of the demarcation line . Spain was given the rig ht to ownership of any discovered land that was one h! undred leagues west of any of the Azores or Cape Verde Islands . This bull also extended to Spain , an exclusive right to trade in all lands west of that line , as long as at Christmas 1492 , these were not another Christian s propertyBoth Spain and Portugal tried to decline the complexities of his demarcations , thus creating the Treaty of Tordeseilles . On June 7 , 1494 this treaty acquaint the demarcation line and take upd it to 370 leagues west of the Azores and made brazil nut a part of Portuguese territory even if it were still undiscovered at that time . This treaty would pose some more problems again when the actual explorations and missions of spreading Christianity began . The orbiculate temper of the treaty was debated and in the end , both parties hold that the line of demarcation should cut through and through the earth and divide the instauration into two spheres - thus the East and West IndiesA political altercate for Alexander was the cut encroachment of Italy led by world power Charles eight . This was how the Italian Wars beganTo give a background , the Sforza family govern the duchy of Milan Because of its strategic position in the Lombard plain , at the intersection of several major transferee routes , Milan has been since the Middle Ages , an world(prenominal) commercial , financial , and industrial centerAscsanio Sforza , Alexander s adviser took conformity at the HYPERLINK http /www .newadvent .org /cathen /12260a .htm papal court to buck in the interests of his brother , Lodovico Il Moro (He is called Il Moro because of his dark tint . Their nephew , Gian Galeazzo , was then the Duke of MilanLodovico cute to be the duke and so he cherished Gian Galeazzo to retract to him the reins of government . Galeazzo , although sincerely the duke , was powerless to assert his HYPERLINK http /www .newadvent .org /cathen /13055c .htm rights . His only asset was that his wife was the granddaughter of queen Ferrante , the king of HYPERLINK http /www .newadvent .org /cathen /! 10683a .htm Naples . Her consistent requests for assistance from her Neapolitan family was the only source for Lodovico s unbelief to grab the position . Lodovico was also avoiding the probability of a Neapolitan encroachmentPope Alexander VI , on the other hand , had his reasons for not liking ability Ferrante . This was because of the latter s financial aid to the pope s vassal , Virginio Orsini , a member of the Orsini family who also exerted very frequently power in Italy . This Orsini family was the hereditary enemies of the equally distinguished Colonna : in the great medieval conflict between papacy and pudding stone , the latter were for the most part on the side of the emperor moth moth and the leaders of the Ghibelline party , while the Orsini were ordinarily champions of the papacy ( Kirsch 1911 in time , on this instance , the pope and the Orsini family were at opposing sides . Pope Alexander VI was angry at king Ferrante because the king financially helped Ors ini buy the territories of Cervetri and Anguillara without his comply . He was genuinely eyeing these territories as fiefs for his son , Juan , the Duke of GandiaThis disd Alexander very overmuch and on April 25 , 1943 , the pope entered an league with Milan and Venice in defense . To officially bind the bond paper , the pope sealed it with the conjugation of Lucrezia , his daughter , to the Giovannie Sforza , Lord of Pesaro , who was also the cousin-german of AscanioThe wedding was done in the Vatican itself with the ten cardinals and the grand nobilities of Rome stupefy as guests . It was a very majestic occasion and major power Ferrante was not amusedThe king wanted war but was convinced by the Spanish monarchs , Ferdinand and Isabella , to compromise good-natured of with Alexander . To forge reconciliation , the fagot of Naples ended up giving his granddaughter s Sancia s , hand in hymeneals . Alexander s youngest son , Jofre , married her with the principality o f Squillace as dowerFinally at peace with Naples , ! force out began again just a some old age subsequently The cut king , Charles octonary , sent an envoy extraordinary to Rome asking for the investment of Naples upon his master . Alexander refused thisLess than a year after , tycoon Ferrante died on January 1494 . With his death , King Charles octonary expected the pope to last grant him the investiture of Naples . However , Alexander instead , confirmed the succession of Alfonso II , King Ferrante s son , and even sent the Cardinal Giovanni Borgia to Naples for the coronation . Cardinal Giovanni Borgia was the pope s nephewThis decision by the pope is studyd by historians to be due not only for the maintenance of peace in Italy , but mainly because Alexander knew that his former enemy , Cardinal della Rovere still had ambitions of overthrowing him from the papal throne . Alexander was cognizant that Della Rovere had create a virile faction among his cardinals . This faction was using the encroachment of King Charles eighter as a way to unseat him on charges of simony and immoralityCharles VIII was aggressive . The french king made his trigger off in September 1494 by cross the Alps . By the end of the year , he entered Rome easily . Alexander s barons , including one named Savonarola , and army commanding officer , Virginio Orsini , delinquent him but he proven his courage by not yielding to brute force nor surrendering unconditionally to the french . most historians take that it was even Orsini who opened the gates to the french soldieryAlthough at a disadvantage because he lacked the backing of troops Alexander calmly faced the french cannons and his traitorous cardinals The pope now feared that the king might depose him for simony and tantalise a council , but fortunately , he was able to persuade the bishop of paragon Malo to help him deal with his trouble with the french king . The Bishop of deification Malo was an influential ally of Charles . Alexander was able to ge t his cooperation by crack him the cardinal s hatIn ! the end , it was King Charles VIII who gave in . He humbly re-acknowledged Alexander as the authorized pope much to the chagrin of Della Rovere . However , Alexander , still did not allow the French king to claim Naples . or else , the pope gave give him a valuable Ottoman hostage Djem , and commanded his son , Caesar , to be the papal representative in spell over the territory , Civitavecchia , on January 16 , 1495Still intent in being dominant in Italy , the French king act his original ambition to conquer the acres of Naples . King Charles VIII did not need much violence to invade Naples on February 22 , 1495 . The very unpopular king , Alfonso II , dead abdicated the throne to his son , Ferrantino . Unfortunately , Ferrantino also failed to get the support required to go against Charles . Instead of fighting back to defend what is right full moony his , he fled and sought the protection of SpainAlexander , despite Charles invasion of Naples , did not tire in his f eats to restore . He ruffianly a powerful league with Venice Milan and Spain against the French . All this time , Charles VIII tried his best to dissuade the pope by making both promises and threats . He insited on crowning himself as King of Naples on May 12 , 1495 . By July he was already in a heated battle with the strong alliance of the Italians . By the end of the year , Charles VIII finally gave up his ambition to dominate the kingdom and had to deliver back to France winless in his motive to rule NaplesMost were relieved that the French had go forth Italy , except the Florentine friar , Savoranola , who was a block critic of Pope Alexander VI , and Cardinal Guiliano Della Rovere . by and by on , Della Rovere would become Pope Julius II who had his own troubles with the French during his reignAlexander VI learned his lesson from the French . He realized that he indispensable to decrease insolence and dis lealty in his barons or else he shall again be in d disp leasure of losing his papal position in Rome . He di! d this by disposing of civil and spiritual privileges and offering governing offices liberally . Knowing that Orsini , his army commandant who betrayed him at the most critical moment during the French Invasion needed to reprimanded , he did so by using politicsHe replaced him with his son , Juan , who was also the Duke of Gandia Juan battled with Orsini conquering all of the family s minor castles By January 25 , 1497 , all of the Orsinis territories but the fortress of Bracciano was under the pontiff s siege . This was the only fortress where Juan had to back out . To get back their castles , the Orsinis had to abide 50 ,000 golden florins . However , the original cause of their quarrels , Cervetri and Anguillara , remained with AlexanderHis conterminous step was to take revenge at Cardinal della Rovere . He did this by asking Gonsalvo de Cordova , reknowned Spanish military commander , and his Spanish veterans to conquer the fortress of Ostia This fortress was being he ld by the French troops for della Rovere . It surrendered within two weeksIrritated at not being able to get the possessions of the Orsini family Alexander demanded his cardinals to react to the renewal of the dioceses , Benevento , Terracina and Pontecorvo , into a duchy for his son the Duke of Gandia . Cardinal Piccolomini of Sienna was the only one who dared to belie this move to transfer the ownership of the properties of the Church to the dukeThis scrap was engulfed by a greater incident when the Juan , the Duke of Gandia was off on June 16 . He had many gaping wounds and a pharynx cut when he was fished out of the Tiber . No deduction nor suspects could be pitch to aid in the investigation to find out who murdered him .Alexander was in deep ruefulness and wanted to be alone in Castel Sant Angelo , a military fortress he had made out of the former Mausoleum of Hadrian . He was known to have spoken of even leaving his position as pope due to his bereavement . Histor ians acknowledge that he went with 3 years and nig! hts without food nor sleep in his depression After this , he became determined to reform the Church and this was welcomed by the people who had been clamor for this move for so long .He organised the cardinals and canonists to begin outlining ordinances that formed the framework of reforming the Church . To this do historians attribute the beginnings of the Council of Trent . However his grief subsided torpidly and was replaced by his focus to further development the power and ambition of his other son , Caesar insteadHis son was more enterprising than he . Caesar had plans of building an empire but not on Alexander s terms . They argued on Caesar s decision to cast off from being Cardinal and leave his ecclesiastical duties so that he can become a princeCaesar wanted Naples .

The Neapolitan king , Ferrantino , had died without an heir . He was succeeded by his uncle , Federigo , who was previously crowned by Caesar himselfHis motive was to connect Federigo s daughter , Princess Carlotta of Tarento , so that he can become one of the most powerful barons of Naples . However , Carlotta refused him sternlyAs Caesar was taxing to persuade the princess to marry him , another wedding was brewing a scandal . Lucrezia annulled her sexual union with her husband , Giovanni Sforza , who was the cousin of Cardinal Sforza . It was a big issue because her husband was forced to tell the terrestrial concern that they were getting the annulment due to his impotenceHistorians believe that this was a compensate because Lucrezia s husband is recorded to have had sired illegitimate children . T his move proved to be very humiliating to Giovanni Sf! orza . He counter-attacked this move by saying that Alexander wanted Lucrezia for himself and that even her brothers had incestuous relationships with her . Alexander overcame this accusation by making sure that Lucrezia was granted a divorce and declared still a virginWith Lucrezia desolate from her marriage to Sforza , the pope decided to help Caesar with his ambitions . Alexander hammer the marriage of Lucrezia to Alfonso , Duke of Bisceglie . Alfonso was the illegitimate son of the former king of Naples , Alfonso II , and nephew of the present king who was also the full brother of Sancia , the beautiful wife of Jofre .6 The marriage was done to further Caesar s intention to marry Princess Carlotta . However , the princess was adamant to refuse Caesar s offer of marriageAll this time , Alexander did not give up in finding out who in truth killed his son . He loved his children very much and the loss of one hurt him very profoundly . He act his investigations which led to highly influential people . Accusations were thrown and some proven However , when it seemed like the leads were pointing to his other son Caesare , he abandoned this investigationsAs this was going on , Italian history took another turn when Charles VIII died on April 1498 . He died two-and-a-half years after his retreat , of a freak disaster . He miscalculated his step , striking himself on the head while passing through a doorway , he succumbed to a sudden------------------------------6 . ox-eyed daisy creature . Histories /Lucrezia Borgia (Dragonrest .net . 1999 accessed 18 April 2007 available from HYPERLINK http /www .dragonrest .net /histories /lucrezia .html http /www .dragonrest .net /histories /lucrezia .html Internetcoma several hours later . His only son also died so the throne was given to his cousin , the Duke of Orleans , King Louis dozenKing Louis dozen needed to ask for some papal favors . He wanted to be free of his marriage with Jane of Valois , daught er of Louis XI and since he was pursuing to retain Br! ittany , he needed to marry his cousin s widow , Queen Anne . He believed that Alexander can use his ecclesiastical powers to get him what he wantedLouis XII , if not for his political position , was at a disadvantage He had no legitimate reasons to ask for an annulment from his marriage with Jane . His arguments proved to be scandalous as Jane fought to keep her marriage and reputationKing Louis claimed that his wife was ill-shapen and publicly humiliated Jane on her physical deformities . Thus , he denies having consummated the marriage . Jane , on the other hand , also lay her witnesses to Louis shocking and humiliating accusations . It came to a point wherein he blamed Jane of using witchcraft when they had intercourse . Of course Jane reacted by asking how she could have used witchcraft if the marriage was neer consummatedIf Alexander VI had been Valois side . However , for political reasons , Louis had the advantageTo Louis favor , Alexander ed an investigation and t he results showed that Jane was an invalid and because of lack of consent , the marriage had never been consummated . With these facts the marriage was annulled . Jane , humiliated and slow , gave up the fight . Louis XII married Queen Anne , who historians believe , was also against the move to be betrothed to himIt was becoming cobwebby to the rest of Europe that Alexander was prospecting an alliance with France and this almost mottle these powers to schism or heresy . There were threats that Alexander result be deposed or overthrown from his papal seat but he was not scared . He had the Sacred College in full control and della Rovere was his agent in France Ascanio Sforza can also be disposed of because he was very old and retirableLouis was also eyeing the duchy of Milan . He claims that the duchy was an inheritance from his grandmother , Valentina Visconti . His opponents of course , were the powerful Sforzas but Alexander seemed to be leaning on the French sideAlex ander took great advantage of the second French invas! ion of Italy to meld his temporal power and for enriching his family . On October 1 , 1498 , Caesar , who was already Duke of Valeninois and an ally of France , brought Louis his much wanted papal dispensation . He also helped Louis minister , D Amboise , become cardinal . He did this though because of his main concern , that was still , to seek a wife that would gain him the crown . Princess Carlotta was at that time living in France and he was persistent in marrying her . However , the princess was firm in her decision to refuse him . So he married instead , the niece of King Louis XII , who was also the sister of the King of Navarre . Her name was Charlotte D AlbretOn October 8 , 1499 , King Louis was accompanied by Duke Caesar and Cardinal Della Rovere when they made their successful entry into Milan It was the start of Alexander s move to somewhat the Church of its tyrants This would have been a spectacular move if he had not replaced the Sforzas with his own familyCae sar , with the help of Alexander s powers , was moving to conquer Romagna . It was at this time when Lucrezia s husband , Alfonso , Duke of Bisceglie , was attacked by masked assassins who bad wounded himThe Duke of Biseglia had reasons to believe that is was his brother-in-law , Caesare , who planned his murder . In an effort to fight Caesar , he was killed by Caesar s bodyguard leaving Lucrezia a widowAmidst the blood ties being strained , the real object of the Borgias was key Italy . By autumn , Cesare , backed up by King Louis XII and Venice , set forth with 10 ,000 men to recognize his interrupted battles The local despots of Romagna were dispossessed and an administration was set up , which , if tyrannical and cruel , was at least ly and strong and alight(p) the awe of Machiavelli (q .v ) By April of 1501 Caesar had completely usurped papal territory . On his return to Rome on June 1501 , he was created duke of Romagna by Pope Alexander VI himselfLouis XII , also havin g succeeded in the uniting , determined to conquer s! outhern Italy as well , and cerebrate a treaty with Spain for the division of the Neapolitan kingdom , which was sign by the pope on the 25th of June , Frederick being formally deposed .7Caesar s next planned conquest was for Tuscany but he needed to go back to Rome because Alexander needed him in Rome . The pope had deposed Federigo King of Naples------------------------------7 . Snell , genus Melissa . Pope Alexander VI (accessed 22 April 2007 available from HYPERLINK http /historymed http /historymed ren .about .com /od /aentries /a /11_pope_alex6 .htm , Internetbecause he was impeach of allying with the Turks . Since the Turks were targeting an Islamic invasion of Europe , Christendom was being threatened . nether the Treaty of Granada (an agreement made by the Moorish soil of Granada to surrender to the Christianity under the other European nobility , the Kingdom of Naples was forfeited and was divided between Spain and FranceThe barons of Naples who had always been i n opponent to the popes were finally powerless against Alexander and were excommunicated . They offered to surrender their castles to the Sacred College but the pontiff wanted it for himself . The clan of the Orsini helped Alexander ruin their long-time enemies and soon , castles were surrendering to the pope .Lucrezia , now a widow , was ready for a third politically cause marriage to Alfonso , son and heir of Duke Ercole of Ferrara . Neither the son nor the pay back wanted the marriage but King Louis convinced them of its advantages . So , on declination 30 , 1501 , twenty trinity year old Lucrezia was married in such an extravagant watching again . but this time , historians would write that she shied away from scandals and proved to be a good wife and princess who became known instead for her charm and charitiesCaesar and Alexander , however , continued their ambitions and captured Camerino and Sinigaglia . By October of 1502 , Orsini organized his generals to kill Caesar . However , the young Borgia knew of their plo! t and fooled them into believing he was unaware . This made it easier for him to kill them at once . Alexander then sent Orsini to the Castle of St . Angelo where he was found almost two weeks later to be deadIn just a few months , only Bracciano was left of the fortresses of the Orsini and they surrendered . This was the end of the conquest of the Borgias which made them the eventual(prenominal) rulers of the StatesAlexander was already seventy three years old and was already fearless due to his power . The Sacred College let out lampoons accusing him of many abomination but he did nada to better the public s view of his characterIt was inevitable that war would break out between Naples , France and Spain regarding their spoils . Historians believe that Alexander was unsure as to how and to whom he would ally his forces with among the three . However , he did not anticipate his early hideaway from life when he contracted Roman Fever in the gardens of Adriano da CornetoOn August 6 , 1503 , Alexander , Caesar and some other close allies were dining with Cardinal Corneto . Some historians believe that Alexander and Caesar plotted to poison their host but rum the poisoned cup by misunderstanding . However , more evidence shows that it was the virus that afflicted them . Caesar was able to recover in a few days . Alexander was not so good deal . By August 12 , the pope was too sapless to get up from bed and after six days , he made a confession and received the last sacrament . He died on the night of August 18 , 1503 at the age of seventy-sevenA loyal handmaid and diarist who has seen through five popes , Johann Burchard , recounts that on the night that Pope Alexander VI was dying Caesar had asked his followers to force themselves into the Vatican to steal as much of the treasure that they could get . at a time after the pontiff died , his servants also took what they could from the pope s bedroomJohann Burchard , also Protonotary grandiloqu ent and captain of Ceremonies was said to have prepa! red the body while the palace guards had a hard time predismissal people from venting their anger on the dead pope s body The servant then sent the body to a small chapel service where it remained unattended and rotted in the very humid atmospheric condition . The very fast decomposition of the body leads historians to believe that Alexander was really poisoned . His remains can be found in Santa Maria di Monserrato a national church in SpainMany believe him to be one of the most notorious worldly popes in the history of the Catholic Church . However , he has also given many contributions to the spread of Christianity in the new territories and protection of the Catholic faith in EuropeWorks CitedKren , Emil and Marx , Daniel . Glossary (accessed 22 April 2007 available from http /www.newadvent .org / cathen /01289a .htm , InternetLoughlin , James F . Alexander VI :[book on-line] (accessed 22 April 2007 available from, InternetSite Map For MMDTKW . The Borgias . October 2004Kir sch , J .P . Alexander VI . The Catholic Encyclopedia , Volume XI .1911 New YorkSchultz , Richard W . The enjoyment of the Vatican in the Encounter (accessed 23 April 2007available from HYPERLINK http /muweb .millersville .edu columbus /data /art /SCHULTZ1 .ART http /muweb .millersville .edu columbus /data /art /SCHULTZ1 .ARTInternetSnell , Melissa . Pope Alexander VI (accessed 22 April 2007 available from HYPERLINK http /historymed http /historymedren .about .com /od /aentries /a /11_pope_alex6 .htm , InternetWolf , Marguerite . Histories /Lucrezia Borgia (Dragonrest .net . 1999 accessed 18 April 2007available from HYPERLINK http /www .dragonrest .net /histories /lucrezia .html http /www .dragonrest .net /histories /lucrezia .html InternetName of Student PAGE 22 ...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: BestEssayCheap.com

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