Concept of correlation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Concept of correlation - Essay Example An example of a perfectly positive correlation can be supply of good with respect to the price of good. As the price increase, the suppliers tend to supply more of the product. This graph above shows that the variables are perfectly negatively correlated as an increase in the value of the independent variable causes the value of dependent variable to decrease by the slope of the equation. An example of a perfectly negative correlation can be the demand of good with respect to the price of good. As the price increase, the consumers tend to less of the product. The correlation between two variables is weak if they are close to zero whether they are negative or positive. GDP and interest rates of the economy are correlated but the magnitude of correlation is very low. On the other side, there might be a strong correlation between smoking and lung cancer. 1) As per the government policy, the federal government subsidizes or gives free school lunches to students whose family income is below a certain level, usually close to the poverty level. So higher the number of eligible students for lunch, higher will be the amount of funding received by the school WidgeCorp can use this correlation analysis to effectively market its cold drinks in public schools. Since we know that there is a positive correlation between free school lunches and poverty level therefore WidgeCorp can approach the government to offer quality foods at affordable rates. There will be a stiff competition on the basis of price therefore as a case of bulk discounting WidgeCorp should offer quality foods to Government on competitive

Critique a research article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Critique a research article - Essay Example pecially amongst physicians and concerns about how to alleviate the situation are in order (Mauer, 2011: 34).The antipsychotics are closely associated to an apparent yet predictable increase in weight that is more proclaimed during the first period of medication of the second generation antipsychotics. After the first period however, the weight gain is considerably low though it still persists. An analysis done on a sample of 101 serious mentally ill patients was set up over a two year period to help analyze the likely changes that could be effected through medically proven procedures. These procedures include disciplined healthy eating habits, education and exercises. Significantly, the test was done to mainly establish other. The weight to be examined was mainly associated with abdominal obesity. Interventions have been initiated in an attempt to control the weight gain associated with these medications, including lifestyle, education, weight loss medications, and exercise have all been tried and evaluated. Currently, the research indicates significantly greater weight reduction in lifestyle intervention groups or standard care groups. (Sheldon, 2007: 32). The article aims to critically analyze the credibility of these procedures, analyze the findings as well as recommend for any probable interventions that could be used instead. A study research involving seriously ill mental patients is arguably one of the hardest studies one is likely to perform. It is prone to so much inaccuracy as the subjects under investigation are not likely to be relied upon to comprehensively provide satisfying information. Therefore, the mere use of the subjects is more likely to be considered full of bias as compared to stable subjects. However, the use of even numbers of both male and female subjects is more likely to provide more accurate results in a particular study unless the two are compared separately. The study in this case is not gender sensitive in terms of providing the

Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid

Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid Aim: To investigate how the rate of reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid is affected by changing the concentration. Background: THE REACTION: when Sodium Thiosulphate reacts with hydrochloric acid sulphur is produced. The sulphur forms in very small particles and causes the solution to cloud over and turn a yellow colour. This causes the cross to fade and eventually disappear. Sodium Thiosulphate + Hydrochloric acid  »Ã‚ » Sulphur + Sodium Chloride + Sulphur Dioxide + Water NA2S2O3 + 2HCL  »Ã‚ » S + 2NaCl + SO2 + H2O (aq) + (aq)  »Ã‚ » (s) + (aq) + (g) + (l) PREDICTION: As the concentration of Sodium Thiosulphate increases the length of time for cross to disappear decreases (inverse). This is because the increase of concentration of Sodium Thiosulphate will increase the rate of reaction between Hydrochloric acid and sodium Thiosulphate particles. SCIENTIFIC REASONS FOR PREDICTION: the results from preliminary experiments support the prediction made. From the results you can see that there is a directly proportional relationship between the concentration and the rate of reaction. If you increase the concentration then the rate of reaction will also increase. METHOD: 1. Set up apparatus as in preliminary experiment. 2. Record the temperature of the room. 3. Add the first of the concentrations of sodium Thiosulphate to the flask. As you add 10cm3 of HCL and start the stopwatch 4. Watch the solution as it clouds over. Once the cross has disappeared stop the clock. 5. Record the time in a results table 6. Repeat the above steps for the other concentration of sodium Thiosulphate. Repeat the experiment 3 times for each of the concentrations. 7. Record all results in a table and work out the rate by dividing 1 by the average time for each. This extract was taken from the link below: This experiment is testing how the rate of reaction is affected when concentration is changed. The theory is said that increasing the concentration can increase the rate of reaction by increasing the rate of molecular collisions. The phenomenon behind all of this is the collision theory and how it plays a big role in this investigation. The higher the concentration the less time/faster it will take for the system to turn into equilibrium, and if concentration id decreased, time taken for the solution to go cloudy increases. Hypothesis: The higher the concentration the faster the rate of reaction will be and the time taken to reach equilibrium will decrease. A more diluted concentration will have a longer rate of reaction and a longer time to reach equilibrium. Apparatus: Method: Gathered all the apparatus needed for the experiment. Using a weight balance we measure out 8g of Sodium thiosulphate, that we added too 200cm ³ of water. We mixed the solution until all the crystals were dissolved. Then you pour 50 cm ³, 40 cm ³, 30 cm ³, 20 cm ³, and 10 cm ³ of the solution into five identical conical flasks. Then you add water to the other conical flasks so that the total volume in each flask in 50 cm ³. Make sure to label the flasks so you know which one has so much concentration. Once thats done, you must now take a beaker and add 35 cm ³ of concentrated Hydrochloric acid to 65 cm ³ of water to make a diluted solution. Now take a piece of paper and draw a black cross on it, and then place one of the flasks on the paper (do one flask at a time). Using a measuring cylinder measure out 5 cm ³ of the hydrochloric solution, and add this to the flask. Immediately stir the flask and start the stop watch. One person should do this part. As soon as you cant see the cross any more stop the stopwatch, and record the results in a table. Repeat this with all the flasks. Results: Concentration (cm ³) Time (s) Rate of reaction (s) 50 24.9 0.04 40 + water 32 0.0313 30 + water 42.2 0.0237 20 + water 74.07 0.0135 10 + water 202.8 0.0049 The rate of reaction is measured by dividing 1 by the time taken for the reaction to take place. Number of moles of sulphur used: n= m/M n= 8/32 = 0.25 mols Discussion: You can see from the graph that as concentration increases, the time taken for the solution to go cloudy decreases. So the stronger the concentration the faster the rate of reaction is. As the concentration of sodium Thiosulphate decrease the time taken for the cross to disappear increases, this is an inverse relationship.When equilibrium was reached the solutions turned a yellow color, the stronger the concentration was the higher the turbidity was. When equilibrium was reached SO2 gas and water were released. The more concentrated solution has more molecules, which more collision will occur. So therefore the rate of reaction should depend on how frequently the molecules collide, so more molecules have greater collisions and the reaction happens faster as more products are made in a shorter time. All related to the collision theory. What we saw what happened was exactly what we expected from the experiment. Our predictions were accurate. Evaluation: The method we used was fairly accurate, our results werent perfect but they were good enough for us to see what happens during the experiment. So overall the results proved the hypothesis and I was able to draw graphs with a line of best fit. In our experiment we keep the HCL a constant, and also keeping the volume of the solution was important to get more accurate results. The results were fairly reliable under our conditions. They could be a bit off from bad measuring, unclean equipment and the timing. Conclusion: When the concentration of Sodium thiosulphate was increased the rate of reaction increased and the time taken to reach equilibrium decreased, so therefore the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration. Bibliography: azete.com/view/48253 6 September 2009 woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1986/exp19.html 9 September 2009

A Short History Of The Blues Essay -- Music, Blues, Communication, Ni

The late 19th century marked a great deal of change in the United States as well as the rest of the world. World war one had begun and reeked great havoc on the entire world. Nikola Tesla and the fathers of communications had made major scientific breakthroughs in the communications field and modern radio programming was right around the corner. Slavery had been abolished for over thirty years but segregation was still an enormous factor amongst the African-American people in the U.S. One of the most segregated states in the entire country, Mississippi, was on the brink of one of the most influential forms of modern music that the world had ever seen or heard: the blues. What the blues did for music is reflective in almost every piece of modern music heard throughout the world today. From rock and roll to country music, all the way to hip hop, the blues is deep down inside shining like a beautiful light that makes that music glow forever. Weather a person is happy or sad, compa ssionate or indifferent; the blues will always be there to light the way. Right at the turn of the century a man by the name of W.C. Handy was about to stumble upon a sound that would change the world of music forever. The year was 1903. The summer sun was beating down ferociously and a man named William Christopher Handy, who happened to be catching a train heading north, found himself in a town called Tutwiler Mississippi which lies smack-dab in the middle of the Mississippi delta between Clarksdale Mississippi and Greenwood Mississippi. Handy, a former bandleader of â€Å"a black orchestra that mostly plays dance music and popular standards of the day, is a learned musician who understands theory and the conventions of good, respectable music’’ sudden... ... America the civil rights movement had begun and a new type of blues called soul music was introduced. Traditional country blues was making its way into college towns and it was only a matter of time before electric blues would follow. As the fifties came to a close, the most musically influential time period in the history of popular music, the sixties, would come roaring in with bands like The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and Jimmie Hendrix all of which were heavily influenced by the blues. After the 1960’s through the seventies and the eighties the blues and its wonderful history would help to shape almost every form of modern music. In 2002 the United States Congress passed a resolution making 2003 â€Å"the year of the blues.† Without the development of the great pioneers of the blues genre music would be in a totally different place, as we know it today.

Tqm-an Approach Toward Good Governance

Total Quality Management An Approach towards Good Governance By *Uzma Akbar **Akbar S. Awan *FOUNDATION University Institute of Management and Computer Sciences Newlalazar, Rawalpindi. Pakistan **Principle WAH Engineering College, University of WAH WAH Cantt, Pakistan 1. Introduction The federal government of Pakistan (GOP) is presently organized into 48 divisions, 173 attached departments and 203 autonomous/semi-autonomous bodies (including public corporations, public sector banks and other public sector organizations). In addition to this, it also employs a military force of 0. 65 million. It spends billion of rupees, and directly or indirectly, accounts for major part of our national economy. The GOP executes its non-defense related constitutional responsibilities through some 450,000 civil servants. These are further spread through 17,700 civil servants organized in federal secretariat, 113,000 civil servants in federal attached departments and subordinate offices, 122,500 employees of Pakistan Railway and 196,800 employees in the autonomous bodies, public corporations and financial institutions. [1] Our public sector departments have created enormous financial burden on our limited national exchequer. They still adhere to obsolete management practices which have been abandoned by most of the civilized countries. Leaving side a few organizations, our public sector is not thinking to improve the quality of services, whereas the crushing national debt calls for urgent cuts in cost of public functionaries. Poor management in federal government has serious consequences. Money is wasted, programs do not work, and Projects do not start or remain uncompleted for many years. That is why Pakistani customers see and observe but cannot complain. All the complaints remain unnoticed; all suggestions for improvement never get any response. Inside the government as well bad management stifles the morale of internal customer and system over there is designed to kill the initiative. The administrative management of our Government needs overhauling. The time has come to radically change the way, government operates. 2. Total Quality in Government By Total Quality in government we mean lean, decentralized and innovative government where people are flexible, adaptive, and quick to learn new ways when conditions change. They use customer choice and competition to get things done as creatively and effectively as possible. So when we talk about quality management in Federal Government, we too must rely on market based incentives with less focus on conventional new programs. The concept of Total Quality Government goes beyond cost cutting in government. It is adopted to apply the principles and tools of TQM. Many organizations have been successful with their TQM initiatives and derived such benefits as reducing costs, increasing productivity and customer satisfaction. 3. TQM Application By adopting TQM we will be able to provide the philosophy, mindset, tools and methodologies to â€Å"Transform† effectively. The use of TQM which refers to: †¢ Performance measurement of organizations †¢ Customer management †¢ Process control †¢ Continuous improvement programs †¢ Best management practices This has proved to be an effective strategy for improving the performance of not only Government organizations but also public administrations. [2] TQM is seen as the most comprehensive approach to Quality thinkable for an enterprise. The pillars of Total Quality Management are T Q M: †¢ T stands for Total. It is the Integration of the Staff, Suppliers, Customers and other Stakeholders. Away from Party-specific Thinking to a more holistic approach. †¢ Q stands for Quality. It is the Quality of the work and the process of the Enterprise leading to Quality of Products. †¢ M for Management. It stresses the leadership task â€Å"Quality† and the Quality of leadership. From the enterprises point of view TQM can be seen as a Leadership Model. There is no single theoretical formalization of total quality, but philosophers provide the core assumptions, as: â€Å"Discipline and philosophy of management which institutionalizes planned and continuous improvement . It assumes that quality is the outcome of all activities that take place within an organization; that all functions and all employees have to participate in the improvement process; that organizations need both quality systems and a quality culture. † [3] 4. Quality Management Systems and Tools Systems and tools systematically inculcate and reinforce the TQ culture within an organization. QM starts with philosophical base-systems and tools are relevant after the philosophy is established. Most of the TQM efforts fail because organizations try to implement TQM techniques (Tools and Systems) without adopting the TQM philosophy. They start the journey from the wrong point. Instead of starting with the philosophy they try to first use the tools and the systems without ensuring that at the very minimum, the philosophy is absorbed by the top management. [4] 5. The Concept of Continuous Improvement by TQM TQM is mainly concerned with continuous improvement in all work, from high level strategic planning and decision-making, to detailed execution of work elements on the shop floor. It stems from the belief that mistakes can be avoided and defects can be prevented. It leads to continuously improving results, in all aspects of work, as a result of continuously improving capabilities, people, processes, and technology and machine capabilities. 6. Experience of Other countries Under the cover of TQM, US business and political leaders turned to quality to stay competitive on world market or to reclaim their host markets. Meanwhile like many other agencies, the US defense organizations faced, budget cutbacks and reduced staff. Using Quality management, however these organizations streamlined producers in man areas, increasing morale and saved an impressive amount of money. 5] The Government of Pakistan should try to adopt the process of Total Quality management as the core of its management style to solve its problem and re-structure. Such a strategy is being used in the entire European Union, USA, Japan and other developed countries for sustaining their economic growth. 7. Problems for Quality Initiative in Federal Government Improving service qual ity without increasing costs is more difficult to achieve in the public sector than it is in the private sector because elected officials must attempt continuously to balance the multiple conflicting goals of diverse interest groups. Over a decade ago Peter Drucker identified six barriers to productivity improvement. These are: †¢ Lack of clear performance targets †¢ Trying to do too many things at once †¢ Solving problems by throwing people at them †¢ Lack of experimental attitude †¢ Lack of elevation so nothing is learned from it †¢ Reluctance to abandon programs [6] If two or more sins are committed simultaneously, then they may lead to program failure. In short the quality approaches requires fundamental changes in traditional management role. Most individuals and organizations in the public sector will find these changes very difficult to implement. Our Public sector organizations are facing more monumental hurdles because: †¢ The discipline of a competitive global market place that provides incentive for radical changes to business, industry and other managers is missing in our government †¢ In many instances, our government prefers to act as protector for enforcement of policies based on political and social grounds. This leads to treat efficiency as secondary. †¢ The major barrier to accelerating quality management in government is the lack of strong consensus for change among top officials. They find little time for management issues unless problems directly invade on concerns of administration. 8. Objectives for implementing TQM Principles in Government Organizations The quality of governance and government is the top enabler of rapid economic growth and strength of a country. Government must fulfill: †¢ Politically defined missions †¢ Enhance social values †¢ Deliver critical public goods to citizens The ability of the state to provide efficient and customer focused institution is fundamental to vibrant and broad based markets. In Pakistan there is a public perception that government institution â€Å"Over promise and under deliver†. There is false impression in the public sector about what is meant by ‘efficient and customer focused institutions’. Total Quality Management or TQM refers to various approaches for improving the performance of organizations. Improvements and objectives for implementation of TQM principles in Government of Pakistan (GOP) organizations are as follows: [7] †¢ Provide Platform for launching ‘Good Governance’ Program: In Pakistan due to the lack of any organized models, process, leadership and legal frameworks; this aim could not be achieved. Measuring, controlling and mproving performance is specialized function to be addressed on professional basis rather than political grounds. In our country most of problems arise due to the political involvement of individuals. All developed countries tackle good governance through an organizational structure with the aid of professional and legal models. †¢ Citizen satisfaction Index: The citizens Satisfaction In dex of Public assessing the government organizations and offices must be raised continuously. Presently there is no formal method to measure Citizen Satisfaction Index i-e performance of the government. For example, the US government in early 90’s started an organized campaign. They set the target to raise the CSI from 67% to 80% in subsequent time of 4 years. They launched a program called â€Å"Reinventing the government† and were successful in raising the CSI close to their target. The GOP needs to establish a framework for good governance and lay the foundation for improving the quality and productivity of public sector. This includes measuring, controlling and improving the performance of government that shall lead to overall increase in Citizen Satisfaction[8] Raising the Quality and Productivity Levels of GOP: With the changing global scenario, the rapidly developing countries in ASEAN, are giving high priority to improving the quality and productivity levels of Governments. GOP has still not laid any professional foundation for improving its quality and productivity. The Government should join hands with nations with highly efficient and effective government of fices. For this purpose training of the Heads of Departments, Promotional Campaigns and performance based rewards, (according to TQM) should be launched. Linking between Federal and Provincial Governments: The link of quality and productivity must be established between the federal Government and all the four provinces of Pakistan. This means continuity of performance goals for the higher authority. [9] 9. Requirements of TQM in Government Top Management Commitment Commitment from top management may be the most critical factor in the success of any programs. In any government organization the senior management’s commitment is essential and stimulates the implementation of a TQM program. Often, the first step is to convince senior managers of the financial and wider benefits and overcome any barriers that they may have. One of the best ways to do this is to identify obvious areas of cost reduction and environmental improvement and where to make immediate savings through no-cost or low-cost measures. This core element in Total Quality Management system model addresses management commitment. Top management must not only give a lead to the rest of the organization but also ensure that the necessary decisions and actions are taken. Only top management has the motivation and the power to effect changes. 10] Employee Involvement The government should try to introduce new course of action in which the communication between the top management and employees increases. They should talk to as many employees as possible about their opinions relating to TQ implementation. Through this act top management will be able to assess their knowledge level and what bugs them about the ini tiatives they have seen in the past. Employees should be asked to give suggestions so that they would be more involved and supportive new programs. TQM process covers the whole organization so all people will feel their ownership in this case. [11] Cultural Transformation The full potential of TQM requires a fundamental cultural change. An organization’s culture is the way organization behaves. It is the way everybody walks, talks, thinks and acts in everyday life. The culture of quality organization supports and nourishes the improvement efforts of every group and individual in the organization. The cultural change of an agency to TQM requires the courage and commitment of leadership in order to implement a vision of values, ideas, goals and processes. Total Quality Government encourages the manager who innovates and motivates the workers who are free to improve and make decisions. But changing the culture is a lot harder than changing the rules and regulations. This is possible by: †¢ Creating new incentives to accomplish more, through competition and customer choice †¢ Shifting focus of control that is empowering employees to use their judgment, supporting them with the tools they need †¢ Liberating agencies from burden of over regulations and control Building Awareness TQM generates a whole new corporate culture with an emphasis on customer satisfaction, a goal of continual improvement, and commitment to team-building and employee participation at all levels. In a quality organization, the vision, values and systems must be consistent with, and complementary to each other. [12] Empowerment Decentralizing the power to make decisions will energize our government to do everything smart, better, faster and cheaper. GOP policy makers should follow this decentralized approach. This style may reduce or eliminate employee frustration, increase sense of belonging and enhance morale and productivity of an entire organization. 10. Present Situation in Pakistan Pakistan National Accreditation Council (PNAC): This is the main accreditation body in Pakistan responsible for accreditation of certification agencies, inspection agencies, system auditors and laboratories. It was established in 1999 and became operational in 2001. Its annual budget in 2003-04 was around Rs. 12 million. Out of this Rs. 3. 9 million was used for non-development and Rs. 8. 7 million was used for development. Its manpower is 37 persons. Listed below the table gives a comparison of Pakistan’s conformity assessment with India: | | Pakistan |India | | | |Responsible Organization: |Responsible Organization: | | |Reference |Pakistan National Accreditation |Quality Council of India | |Responsibilities |Standards |Council | | | | |(Status) | | | | | |(Status) | |Number of accredited |ISO 17025 | 3 | 400 | |Laboratories | | | | |Number of accredited |ISO Guides 62,66 | 2 | 14 | |Certification Agencies | | | | |Quality Auditor Registration |ISO 17022 | Nil | Nil | |Accreditation Body’s own |ISO Guide 58/61 |In Process | Yes | |competence and Adoption | | | | Prognosis of above table clearly point towards the lack of performance of PNAC (Pakistan National Accreditation Council). Due to poor performance of this important government organization, weak accreditation has resulted in untrustworthy ISO’s certification. This in turn has affected the following aspects: †¢ Low creditability of certification agencies †¢ Testing facilities †¢ Inspection agencies †¢ Un-regulated quality culture †¢ Poor reputation [13] 11. Recommendations The analysis and appraisal of the National and Global scenario clearly leads to following recommendations: †¢ National Performance Improvement Committee. There must be a pool of national experts in key industrial and social sectors drawn from across the country on merit basis. The committee should provide top class expertise for creating a vision and guidance to all the government organizations. The members of the council should be selected purely on professional and leadership grounds. †¢ Development of Public Sector Institutions. The GOP should try to focus on developing clear and concise mission statements and set goals/target for public sector institutions. This conceptual orientation will guide both the strategic direction of the organization and shake the day to day decisions about what the departments do and how they do it. †¢ Differentiation of Performance and Output. There should be clear demarcation between these two aspects. The performance report should be accepted if the source of collecting and reporting is reliable. It should invariably be related to organizational goals and objectives. The name of the game is ‘Performance Audit’. †¢ Public Accountability. All government organizations/institutions should be open to public scrutiny and accountability through the competent bodies such as parliamentary committees on various facets of government activities. †¢ Restructuring of Regulatory Mechanism. Traditional regulatory policy should be restructured into softer approaches for the purpose of promoting competitiveness and ensuring protection of environment and overall safety of the society. †¢ Use of Information Technology. This powerful tool of governance will help our government executives to break down isolatory layers and expedite the delivery of services. New management system can transform our government. It will not only make it more productive but also cut the cost of government. †¢ Adoption of Customer first Approach. The quality organizations must learn to listen to the customers and help customers articulate their needs. Public sector department need to restructure their basic and routine functions to meet the customer need. †¢ Redefine the role of Auditors. Performance auditors should change their approach from pure inspection and auditing to helping the government departments to learn to perform better †¢ De-regulation and Empowerment. Federal and provincial Government should empower public agencies and institutions. Time tested principle of â€Å"authority commensurate with responsibility† should never be lost sight of. †¢ Re-engineering the Work and Office routines. The organizations should re-examine their programs and routines with a view to eliminating duplication of efforts and giving up obsolete ways of doing business. †¢ Facilitation of Economic Activity. Favorable environment should be created for public and private sector companies for their growth and expansion in the world market. Support Entrepreneurial Activity. The GOP should make an endeavor to be in-step with global developments in the realm of business and public policy. Support positive initiatives required for industries and firms to continuous ly adapt and adjust their organizations and structures. For this we need to implement policies which move from conformity to competitiveness 12. Conclusion The extent to which various public sector organizations the values, principles and practices of TQM are variable in the extreme. In actual there is more talk than action so far. Many organizations still have no clear idea of the potential and purpose behind utilizing TQM. There are definite signs of eagerness on the part of public managers to move faster. The lack of organization-wide leadership, in quality is however the main stumbling block. It is too early to tell how our citizens would react and perhaps even would care to react on the direct benefits resulting from the government’s quality initiatives. Nevertheless the race for quality in government sector organizations is far from over; it has just begun. Bibliography 1. Tichey, N. (1983). Managing Strategic Change. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2. Mathew, S. (1973). â€Å"Total Quality Management in the Industrial Sector,† National Productivity Review. 3. Hill Stephen, (1991). Why Quality Circles failed but Total Quality management might succeed. † British journal of industrial relations. 4. James R. Evans and William M. Lindsay â€Å"The Management and Control of Quality†. Sixth Edition. 5. Dale H. Besterfield, Carol Besterfield-Michna, Mary Besterfield-Sacre and Glen H. Besterfield. â€Å"Total Quality Management†. Third Edition 6. â€Å"Top Management Commitment for TQM-A Process Model† by Nadeem Yousaf 7. â€Å"Quality, Productivity and Standards† by Working Group for MTDF. 8. â€Å"Total Quality in Government-Issues and Realities† by Dr. Ali Sajid 9. â€Å"An Overview on Implementing TQM in Developing Countries† by Kamran Moosa, Head Pakistan Institute of Quality Control 0. â€Å"Gaining Perspectives: the future of TQM in Public sectors† by Madhav N. Sinha 11. â€Å"TQM Implementation in Pakistan-Revolutionary Vs Evolutionary Approach† by Dr. Jamshed Khan. ———————– [1] â€Å"Total Quality in Government-Issues and Realities† by Dr. Ali Sajid [2] â€Å"Quality, Productivity and Standards† by Working Group for MTDF. [3] Dale H. Besterfield, Carol Besterfield-Michna, Mary Besterfield-Sacre and Glen H. Besterfield. â€Å"Total Qu ality Management†. Third Edition [4] â€Å"TQM Implementation in Pakistan-Revolutionary Vs Evolutionary Approach † by Dr. Jamshed Khan [5] â€Å"Total Quality in Government-Issues and Realities† by Dr. Ali Sajid [6] â€Å"Total Quality in Government-Issues and Realities† by Dr. Ali Sajid [7] â€Å"Quality, Productivity and Standards† by Working Group for MTDF. [8],â€Å"Quality, Productivity and Standards† by Working Group for MTDF. [9] â€Å"Quality, Productivity and Standards† by Working Group for MTDF. [10] â€Å"Top Management Commitment for TQM-A Process Model† by Nadeem Yousaf [11] James R. Evans and William M. Lindsay â€Å"The Management and Control of Quality†. Sixth Edition. [12] â€Å"An Overview on Implementing TQM in Developing Countries† by Kamran Moosa, Head Pakistan Institute of Quality Control [13] â€Å"Quality, Productivity and Standards† by Working Group for MTDF.

Diagnostic Control Systems: Implementing Intended Strategies Essay

The article authors, Johnson and Kaplan looks at how management accounting has evolved over the years and within different industries and how those management accounting reports have failed to help mangers make decisions to reduce costs and improve productivity. The authors state that contemporary trends in competition, technology, and management demand major changes in the way organizations measure and manage costs and how they evaluate short- and long-term performance. The article takes a look at management accounting over varies periods of times and specific industries and discusses how at each period of time the management reports were used. For example, in the 19th century after the Industrial Revolution it was observed that gains could be earned by managing a hierarchical organization. The management system at the time focused on conversion costs and produced only summary results. Fast-forward a several years to roughly around 1925, we see that the management accounting practices that are practiced today had been developed by that time. They had been evolved to serve the control and informational needs of managers of increasingly complex and diverse organizations. As time progressed it is not until after the 1920s that the authors believe that evolution of management accounting did not keep the pace with the improvement in corporations’ product and process technologies. It is stated that the systems today provide misleading targets for managerial review. They fail to provide the relevant set of measures that reflect the technology, products, processes and competitive environments. Which has resulted in what they consider as today’s problems: distorted product costs, delayed and overly aggregated process control information, and short-term performance measures that do not reflect the increases or decreases in the organization’s economic position. Johnson and Kaplan conclude by stating that if companies fail to make modifications in their management accounting systems, their ability to be effective and efficient global competitors will be inhibited. Diagnostic Control Systems: Implementing Intended Strategies In chapter four, Robert Simons introduces what is known as the third lever of control: diagnostic control systems. These systems are defined as the backbone of traditional management control, and are designed to ensure predictable goal achievement. The other levers (Belief systems, Boundary Systems and Interactive Control Systems) are mentioned in the reading as well, however the focus of chapter four is to discuss the diagnostic control systems. He highlights three features that distinguish the control systems: (1) the ability to measure the outputs of a process, (2) the existence of predetermined standards against which actual results can be compared, and (3) the ability to correct deviations from standards. The chapter goes on to describe critical performance variables. Those variables as defined are those factors that must be achieved or implemented successfully for the intended strategy of the business to work. The term, â€Å"key success factors† can also be used. In which effectiveness and efficiency are the prime criteria for the selection measures used in diagnostic control systems to ensure that they are managed both effectively and efficiently. Kaplan and Norton uses the term â€Å"balanced scorecard† to describe a systematic way of analyzing critical performance variables and measures associated with intended strategies. This method allows managers to use measures from each of the four categories (Financial, Customer, Internal Business and Innovation & Learning Measures) simultaneously to guide their business toward the desired goals. The author conveys the message that equipping management systems to control strategy is not an easy task. Managers have to understand their strategies and be able to recognize the relationships between strategic and operating decisions and how they affect the bottom line.

Hussain Surname Meaning and Family History

Hussain Surname Meaning and Family History The surname Hussain originated from the Arabic personal name, Husayn, derived from the Arabic hasuna, meaning to be good or to be handsome or beautiful. Hasan, for which Hussain is a derivative, was the son of Ali and the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad. Surname Origin:  Muslim Alternate Surname Spellings:  HUSAIN, HASAN, HUSAYN, HUSSEIN, HUSEIN, HUSAYIN, HUSSAYIN, HUSEYIN, HUSSEYIN, HUSEYN, HOSSAIN, HOSEIN, HOSSEIN, HUSSEYN   Famous People with the Hussain Surname Maqbool Fida (M. F.) Husain:  Indian painterRobert Hossein: French actor and directorSaddam Hussein: former dictator of IraqHussein bin Talal: King of Jordan from 1952–1999 Where Is the Surname HUSSAIN Most Common? According to surname distribution data from Forebears, Hussain is the 88th most common surname in the world, found most prevalently in Pakistan where over 3.2 million people bear the name and it ranks #2. Hussain is also the 2nd most common surname in the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait, 3rd in Saudi Arabia, 4th in Quatar and 5th in Bahrain. WorldNames PublicProfiler, which does not include data from Pakistan, indicates that Hussain is also fairly common in the United Kingdom, especially in the English region of Yorkshire and Humberside, as well as in Oslo, Norway. Genealogy Resources for the Surname HUSSAIN Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Hussain  family crest or coat of arms for the Hussain surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. FamilySearch - HUSSAIN  Genealogy: Explore over 370,000  historical records which mention individuals with the Hussain surname, as well as online Hussain family trees on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.Family Tree DNA Discovers Y-DNA Signature That Might Represent the Prophet Mohammed: An article in the  TheNational  highlights DNA testing of the male descendants of Mohammeds  daughter Fatima through her two sons,  Hassan and Hussein.  GeneaNet - Hussain  Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Hussain  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. Resources and Further Reading Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Corrosive Definition - Glossary of Chemistry Terms

Corrosive Definition - Glossary of Chemistry Terms Corrosive refers to  a substance that has the power to cause irreversible damage or destroy another substance by contact. A corrosive substance may attack a wide variety of materials, but the term is usually applied to chemicals that can cause chemical burns upon contact with living tissue. A corrosive substance may be a solid, liquid, or gas. The term corrosive comes from the Latin verb corrodere, which means to gnaw. At low concentrations, corrosive chemicals are typically irritants. The hazard symbol used to identify either a chemical capable of metal corrosion or skin corrosion shows a chemical poured onto a material and a hand, eating into the surface. Also Known As: Corrosive chemicals may also be referred to as caustic, although the term caustic usually applies to strong bases and not acids or oxidizers. Key Takeaways: Corrosive Definition A corrosive substance is defined as a material capable of damaging or destroying other substances on contact via a chemical reaction.Examples of corrosive chemicals include acids, oxidizers, and bases. Specific examples include sodium hydroxide, nitric acid, and hydrogen peroxide.The international pictogram indicating a corrosive chemical shows a surface and a human hand being eaten away by a liquid dripping from a test tube. Examples of Corrosive Substances Strong acids and bases are commonly corrosive, although there are some acids (e.g., the carborane acids) that are very powerful, yet not corrosive. Weak acids and bases may be corrosive if they are concentrated. Classes of corrosive substances include: strong acids s include nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acidconcentrated weak acids s include concentrated acetic acid and formic acid.strong Lewis acids s include potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide.alkali metals s include sodium and potassium metal.dehydrating agents s include calcium oxide and phosphorus  pentoxide.strong oxidizers s include elemental fluorine and chlorine. The halide ions are not corrosive, except for fluoride.acid anhydridesorganic halides - An example is acetyl chloride.alkylating agents An example is dimethyl sulfate.certain organics - An example is phenol or carbolic acid. How Corrosion Works Usually a corrosive chemical that attacks human skin denatures proteins or performs amide hydrolysis or ester hydrolysis. Amide hydrolysis damages proteins, which contain amide bonds. Lipids contain ester bonds and are attacked by ester hydrolysis. In addition, a corrosive agent may participate in chemical reactions that dehydrate skin and/or produce heat. For example, sulfuric acid dehydrates carbohydrates in skin and releases heat, sometimes sufficient to cause a thermal burn in addition to the chemical burn. Corrosive substances that attack other materials, such as metals, may produce rapid oxidation of the surface (for example). Safe Handling of Corrosive Materials Protective gear is used for personal protection from corrosive materials. The equipment may include gloves, aprons, safety goggles, safety shoes, respirators, face shields, and acid suits. Vapors and corrosive chemicals with a high vapor pressure should be used within a ventilation hood. Its important that protective gear be made using a material with high chemical resistance to the corrosive chemical of interest. There is no single protective material that protects against all corrosive substances! For example, rubber gloves may be fine for one chemical, yet be corroded by another. The same is true of nitrile, neoprene, and butyl rubber. Uses of Corrosive Materials Corrosive chemicals often make good cleaners. Because they tend to be highly reactive, corrosives may be used in catalytic reactions or as reactive intermediates in the chemical industry. Corrosive Versus Caustic or Irritant The term caustic is often considered synonymous with corrosive. However, only strong bases should be referred to as caustic. Examples of caustic chemicals include sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. A dilute corrosive chemical acts as an irritant. However, at higher concentrations, corrosive chemicals produce a chemical burn. While corrosive chemicals may be poisonous, the two characteristics are separate. A poison is a substance with a systemic toxic effect. Poisons may take some time to act. In contrast, a corrosive substance causes an immediate effect on tissue or a surface.

Asian Exclusion Laws Essay Research Paper There

Asiatic Exclusion Laws Essay, Research Paper There were a really big figure of local, province, and federal Torahs that were specifically aimed at interrupting the flow of Chinese and Nipponese immigrants to the United States. Two of the major Torahs were the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act and the 1907-1908 Gentleman s Agreement. Although the Torahs had some differences, they were rather similar and had similar impacts on the immigrant population. The 1882, Congress enacted the Chinese Exclusion Act, which outlawed Chinese in-migration. It besides explicitly denied naturalisation rights to Chinese, intending they were non allowed to go citizens, as they were non free Whites. Prior to the Chinese Exclusion Act, some 300,000 labourers arrived in California, and the act was intended to chiefly forestall the entry of more labourers. The transition of the Chinese Exclusion Act was the first effort by Congress to censor a group of immigrants based on race or colour. The lone Chinese that lawfully entered the United States during the six decennaries the Exclusion Act was in topographic point were those in exempted categories such as merchandisers, pupils, diplomats, and travellers ( Chan ) . An unknown figure illicitly entered through the Canadian and Mexican boundary lines and many others entered as paper boies. The act did non forestall Chinese in-migration per Se ; it merely prevented most legal in-migration. The 1907-1908 Gentleman s Agreement was the consequence of a struggle between the San Francisco school board and the Asian ( peculiarly Nipponese ) community related to school segregation. President Roosevelt made an understanding with the Nipponese authorities. In exchange for the school board s leting Nipponese pupils to go to white schools in California, the Nipponese authorities agreed to halt publishing passports to labourers. ( Chan ) Despite the passage of the Gentleman s Agreement, some 120,000 Nipponese arrived in California during the 15 old ages continuing the understanding ( Chan ) . The two pieces of statute law were similar in that they attempted to hold the in-migration of labourers. It seemed the United States authorities was directing a message that they wanted merely educated, professional immigrants from Asiatic states, and there was no longer a demand for the labourers they one time welcomed. The Chinese Exclusion Act and the Gentleman s Agreement were both blazing efforts by the United States to shut the door to Asiatic immigrants. While other pieces of statute law were simply punitory to the immigrants already here, such as the Alien Land Laws and the Foreign Miners Tax, these clearly aimed to deny Asiatic immigrants entry to the United States. The Gentleman s Agreement was less restrictive than the Chinese Exclusion Act, as it allowed Nipponese adult females to come in the United States. From the beginning of the Nipponese in-migration there was an apprehension that adult females would be allowed to come in the U.S. , and the Gentleman s Agreement did non revoke that. The Chinese Exclusion Act and the Gentleman s Agreement were rather similar with similar impacts on the immigrant population, although their names suggest otherwise. The Chinese Exclusion Act sounds really rough, while the Gentleman s Agreement sounds more genteel. Deceptive names aside, the two pieces of statute law were really much the same.

Materila Failure and Embodied Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Materila Failure and Embodied Energy - Essay Example Source: Embodied energy in house construction, Energy Efficiency, 2006 Embodied Energy There are 18 criteria laid out in the Green Book that form the basis of ways to reduce carbon emissions. This book serves an effective control in helping construction companies identify the materials that have a high percentage of embodied energy contained in them. This helps in constructing the buildings with low carbon content hence lower embodied energy. Embodied energy can be defined as the total amount of energy that is required to construct buildings using materials like cement, aluminium and steel. Total energy that is defined in this context means the sum total of all energy that would be required to build the material, transport it to the site and also the energy that would be used in construction purpose. (Lucuik Mark, 2007) To elaborate further a company engaged in construction activities in Kuwait might source these construction bricks from China. Therefore the embodied energy of this b rick would include the energy used in brick construction in China, transportation energy from China to Kuwait and ultimately the energy used to lay the brick and constructing it in Kuwait. It would also involve the additional energy that would be further required to process the bricks at the site to enable it in laying. Thus all the energy that is used in machines engaged in excavation and shoring out raw materials, to the energy that is required by the human personnel in construction of the building at site go into the summation of energy of the product which is defined as its embodied energy. (Lane Thomas, 2010) Source: Embodied environmental effects results comparisons: single family home, Lucuik mark, 2007 Source: Embodied environmental effects results comparisons: high rise, Lucuik mark, 2007 Measure of Embodied Carbon There are a number of tools that are available in the market which enables one to assess the percentage of embodied carbon in different buildings. Sturgis Associ ates use a tool lnown as RICS to gauge the embodied carbon of different types of buildings engaged in operations of different nature like store house, work shop facility and supermarkets. The embodied carbon content of a storage warehouse exists in the range of 60% while a supermarket which is always lit up with snazzy lights to attract customers has an embodied carbon of 20%. A normal household is a mix of these two types of buildings and has an embodied carbon content of 30%. Another factor that defines the calculations used in RICS includes the life cycle or the total life of the building. These may vary from 25 to 80 years. (Lane Thomas, 2010) Therefore apart from the kind of construction, the total life span of the building structure all go into accounting the embodied carbon efficiency of materials. Measuring the carbon footprint of a building is a twofold process. It involves calculating the energy that is required in constructing the building and also adding the embodied ene rgy of the materials that are replaced over a period of time during the building lifecycle. Apart from the RICS there are a number of software’s available in the market capable of predicting the embodied energy of the construction materials used in buildings. Apart from this energy the operating energy that would also go into the

News Corporation Near Collapse (1990) & Recovery Essay

News Corporation Near Collapse (1990) & Recovery - Essay Example This may have been partly due to the fact that, at the time there was a sharp advertising recession, the worst in two decades (Roger Cohan 1990). The situation was that News Corporation was saddled with massive debts. Alex Burns (2002) reported that Murdoch's News Corp, which remains precariously afloat, had a colossal $11 billion in debt worldwide, nearly four times the annual turnover of the entire newspaper industry in Australia. In an effort to save the business a refinancing plan was put in place, but at the last minute, one small bank in Pittsburgh refused to go along with the scheme, demanding repayment of a $10 million loan. (Stephen Galloway and Paula Parisi, 2005) The task we have set ourselves within this document is to look at four key areas. Firstly to ascertain where the origins of responsibility for the crisis lay. Secondly to investigate how the crisis position was resolved without resorting to the irretrievable act of bankruptcy, and thirdly we will endeavour to examine how, when other notable media giants have failed, Murdoch was able to escape. Finally we shall discover how Murdoch has been able to revitalise the fortunes of News Corporation, successfully transforming itself into one of the top five hundred global TNC's2 Behind every corporate disaster, there is inevitably an attempt to apportion blame. With the News Corporation situation, the majority of financial media and other experts tended to place most of the blame at the feet of the management. But others were just as culpable. Management's role Rupert Murdoch is that inveterate breed, a corporate gambler. He thrives on risks and the bigger the stakes, the bigger the buzz and the bigger the payout. (Stuart Crainer.1999). In the 1980's he spent considerable amounts on acquisitions for his empire. Whilst the risks he took at that time are reaping benefit now, at the time they would, to any conservative financier, have seemed unacceptable. Perhaps a better example of how Murdoch chooses to live and do business comes in the events, which led up to the great credit crunch of 1990. These began in Murdoch's American acquisition spree of the middle 1980s. He bought the 20th Century Fox network in the US in 1985, the Metromedia chain of television stations the same year, and then in 1986 launched Fox, the first national TV network since 1959. He didn't have the money to pay for all of this, so he raised it by revaluing his company under Australian accounting3 rules, raising its worth from $166 million to $1.6 billion (Lanchester) The most costly corporate move Murdoch made in the late eighties was the investment in Sky. At that stage it was an enormous drain on the businesses cash resources. At the time the satellite subsidiary was posting substantial year on year losses. Despite Murdoch's somewhat dubious adeptness at moving funds around the various and numerous group subsidiaries to cover overextended cash flow positions, Sky had a cash thirst which could not be quenched without dramatically impacting on News Corporations liquidity, seriously reducing its ability to cover other commitments. Thus when the time came to repay $2 billion of bank debt, there were insufficient resources available to meet these contracted commitments. It is apparent from all the researches

Main Principles of Buddhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Main Principles of Buddhism - Essay Example There are varied differences between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism. In his work, Chodron (2001) indicates that Theravada puts a lot of focus on the Pali Canon or the Tripitaka whilst the Mahayana uses the books of Theravada Tripitaka and other sutras like the Lotus Sutra. In terms of Buddhas, Theravada is more inclined on the historical Buddha- the Gautama.   Mahayana applies the Gautama Buddha and other Buddhas like the medicine Buddhas and Amitabha (Chodron, 2001). With Theravada being located in the Southern- notable Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia and other parts of S.E. Asia- and Mahayana on the Northern part, their goals of training are different. Theravada teaches Arhat while Mahayana Buddha hood through the bodhisattva-path (Chodron, 2001). The languages are also different, Pali for Theravada and Sanskrit for Mahayana (Chodron, 2001). Theravada has few rituals that are not closely followed while Mahayana has numerous that are determined by local pressures on their culture s.In Buddhism, the reason for living is to be happy. Chodron (2001) argues that it is difficult to achieve this happiness as the world is full of uncertainties that cause discontent. In this case, individuals are expected to search their souls in the quest to attain happiness, since it is believed happiness comes from within an individual.  

State-Federal Controversies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

State-Federal Controversies - Essay Example The American people do not want to be governed by a single authority just like the past Britain rule. To be regulated at the state level is appropriate. In a federalist set-up, the local governments are given more autonomy. Autonomy is very important to them especially in implementing their own rules. Being autonomous means that the local governments (which refer to the different states in America) do not depend on the national government in terms of budget. The states could implement their own taxing laws as a source of their budget and they could use their income without asking permission from the national government. Nevertheless, despite this freedom, the local governments are obliged to observe the American constitution. This means that they are free to make their own policies as long as it is in conformity with the letter and spirit of the constitution. The issue is important to consider since it talks about the type of government in America. It can enlighten the readers of the rationale behind the adoption of such governmental structure. I am grateful to the founders of the U.S. constitution for adopting federalism. Work Cited Bodenhamer, David. Federalism Checks the Power of the Central Government. America.gov Archive, 2 Jan. 2007. Web. 4 Apr. 2011. .

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 28

Case Study - Essay Example The officials elected are there because of their relationship with the citizens; if they refuse to barter on behalf of those within their districts, then they are not upholding their moral responsibility to the people. It can even be argued that, as humans, we have a relationship with our environment and, therefore, a duty to uphold and protect it from harm. As the government tries to safeguard the environment it must also put to consideration the economic and financial gain they receive from Nestle Company through taxes and also providing employment to the citizens at much higher salary rates than any other company in the state. The bottled water market is worth â€Å"$6 billion in annual sales† (Barry & Shaw, 2014, p. 131), with monetary gain assured for Nestlà © if they triple their output. The company is also supplying water to the majority of the citizens in Michigan State with clean drinking water, the product they never used to have before it was launched. The company, however, has several negative impacts on the environment and entire ecosystem of Michigan State by increasing its pumping rate from 130 gallons per minute to 400 gallons per minute. Over a continuous period, the number of fish in the water body will decrease drastically due to water shortage and hence fishing will also be edged out of the economy of the state. Ideas relevant in this debate would be environmental justice and equity for the people in Michigan communities. If water rapidly disappears, it also becomes an issue of efficiency with the renewability of supplies becoming in question. Nestlà © has to deal with customer satisfaction, but also the satisfaction of their state business partners. It should work on modalities of moderating their production in manner that they will serve the customers to satisfaction and generate enough profit while at the same time conserving the environment not to infringe on other people’s right to use the water

MBA Learning Journal Spring 2013 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MBA Learning Journal Spring 2013 - Assignment Example This will save me consulting several entities, hence save my resources. I chose to pursue my MBA program in Alfaisal University due to several reasons. First, currently I am a project manager in a local company. Consequently, I would be studying as I render my services or duties in my work place. The locality of the university will enable me book evening or weekend classes as I follow my normal career routine. Through this, I will be earning as I expand my business knowledge. Secondly, the Saudi culture and customs require Saudi women to be accompanied whenever they travel to some destinations, and currently I am not in a position to adhere to such customs, I have no one to accompany me. The AUCB MBA program is a good program albeit with some minor drawbacks. However, these do not impact on the quality of the education rendered. I had higher expectations with regard to my MBA program only to receive less my expectations. The doctor taking us through the research methodology course is not audible enough. At times, hardly get his important points during the lecturers. Research methodology is one of the most important unit or course in my program and I think poor lecture may compromise the quality of education I would be subjected to in the future. I am to spend the semester pursuing the course work (theory) and later apply the theoretical knowledge to do my practical or project work. Research methodological skills play important role not only in the project work but even after graduation. The doctor did not meet the course objective as per the course outline that he gave out to the class at the beginning of the course. By this I mean, he skipped some important topics to complete the syllabus in good time. I think this may compromise subsequent courses or units. Finally, his exams were not up to standard according to the Universities exam regulations. He meddled on one topic without providing the students with an option to select questions with favorite topics. Th e university requires a unit like research methodology, having a CF (cumulative factor) below 3.5 to have at least five questions from all the topics and the students must attempt the first question and select the remaining two from the rest. This was never observed by the doctor. If given opportunity to be the director of the AUCB MBA program, I will engage certain initiatives to improve the program’s quality. For instance, I would ensure the curriculum changes in tandem with the requirements of the work environment. The main problem facing the program is the regular alteration of the University’s curriculum. That was in the past. However, the university has since changed and corrected the anomalies. Observing a strict adherence to the university’s curriculum is the guiding principle. This may compromise the graduate acceptance or recruitment in international work places or organizations. As the director, I will be strict on the standard MBA lecture hours and u nits. I would seek to ensure the production of standard MBA graduates with capacities to be recruited in any part of the globe. Furthermore, I will improve communication with the students among other concerned parties with the program, to pass any vital information regarding the program in good time and effectively without any inconveniences. The element of semester trips has also raised some concerns in the university. The University for the Past One year has not been consulting the

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 28

Case Study - Essay Example The officials elected are there because of their relationship with the citizens; if they refuse to barter on behalf of those within their districts, then they are not upholding their moral responsibility to the people. It can even be argued that, as humans, we have a relationship with our environment and, therefore, a duty to uphold and protect it from harm. As the government tries to safeguard the environment it must also put to consideration the economic and financial gain they receive from Nestle Company through taxes and also providing employment to the citizens at much higher salary rates than any other company in the state. The bottled water market is worth â€Å"$6 billion in annual sales† (Barry & Shaw, 2014, p. 131), with monetary gain assured for Nestlà © if they triple their output. The company is also supplying water to the majority of the citizens in Michigan State with clean drinking water, the product they never used to have before it was launched. The company, however, has several negative impacts on the environment and entire ecosystem of Michigan State by increasing its pumping rate from 130 gallons per minute to 400 gallons per minute. Over a continuous period, the number of fish in the water body will decrease drastically due to water shortage and hence fishing will also be edged out of the economy of the state. Ideas relevant in this debate would be environmental justice and equity for the people in Michigan communities. If water rapidly disappears, it also becomes an issue of efficiency with the renewability of supplies becoming in question. Nestlà © has to deal with customer satisfaction, but also the satisfaction of their state business partners. It should work on modalities of moderating their production in manner that they will serve the customers to satisfaction and generate enough profit while at the same time conserving the environment not to infringe on other people’s right to use the water

Sandwich Blitz Essay Example for Free

Sandwich Blitz Essay Dalman and Lei are dealing with a problem regarding their technologic advancements. Dalman and Lei are dealing with pressure to adopt this new technology and implement it in a very short amount of time. With an increase in customers leaving unhappy with the service they received. Their employees are unable to properly fulfill all of the orders coming in which, in turn is reflecting negatively on the Sandwich Blitz. The errors that are being made will eventually roughen their reputation, along with the possibility of having to shut down the business. Customers have become to expect certain customer quality product and an overall good customer experience. This is what the Sandwich Blitz based their business motto on, without it customers will no longer choose to visit the Sandwich Blitz. The other situation of concern is the amount of support that Dalman and Lei need from the managers. In any business communication plays a hug past in the success of the business, but with the success of the new e-customer order system. Without effective communication between lower and upper management, customer service workers, and the technology team the new e-customer order system will not work and the Sandwich Blitz could very well fail. The following is the E-mail that Dalman and Lei should send to the managers regarding the urgency and to prepare them for the technology advancement: Management Team, Here at the Sandwich Blitz, Inc. we are dealing with a number of problems at our locations. We have taken a look at the feedback, and a lot of it is negative receiving. We are fully aware of the huge amount of orders being placed and it is affecting every ones work environment. Since we live in the technology age, and have not even begun to invest into the resources that this era has to offer. We have decided that it is time to take the plunge into the technology era. After significant amount of consideration, we have decided to implement into all sandwich blitz location a new e-customer order input system. With this new technology we will then have better customer satisfaction, bring efficiency to our team and will also relieve a great deal of stress that is currently present in our locations.

SAP Brief Information And Study Computer Science Essay

SAP Brief Information And Study Computer Science Essay Nestle SA, the world largest food and beverage company decided to implement SAP systems to all of their branches and subsidiaries company. This project call Nestle Globe project (Global Business Excellence) roll over 500 facilities in 70 countries around the world and using enormous amount of budget at $2.4 billion. Nestle Globe have three objective To Create standard best practices business process for Nestle organization To create standard set of Nestle data and use to whole Nestle organization. To implement standard information systems infrastructures and SAP was chosen. In 2006 Nestle globe project expected to pay back its implement cost at $ 2.4 billion and increase Globe operating company from 30% in 2005 to 80% by end of 2006. Moreover, Nestle decide to cap their spending of information technology at 1.9% of sales each year. Background of Organization: Nestle SA Corporation is the worlds largest nutrition and food company operates in 86 countries around the world, employ around 280,000 people and have factories or operations site in almost all countries around the world. Nestle primary sells wide variety of food and beverage categories in many well known brands such as magi, nescafà ©, nestea, coffeemate , Nestle sales were almost $ 2.4 billion in 2010 (David Barne,2010). bgNestleLogo.png SAP Brief Information: SAP (Systems, Applications, and Products in Data Processing) ERP systems is enterprise resource planning (ERP) software produced by SAP AG. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is systems designed to integrate core activity with in organization together in order to increase company performances (Markus et al., 2000). SAP use concept of modules by providing separated functional modules for specific core activities within companies such as SAP-Financial and Accounting for accounting related transactions, SAP-Sales and Distribution focus on sales operations, each modules can be purchased, installed and operated separately but use same database (Monk, Ellen F. and Wagner, Brej J. ,2009). Problems: The main problems before ERP implementation was data integration among various of systems within Nestle organization structures. For example, Nestle USA had problems with 29 brands of vanilla that every plant order vanilla to the same vendor seperately and result in paying 29 different prices (Worthen,Ben 2002). Introduction From 1997 to 2000 ,Nestle company was going to re-engineer their over all business processes amd implement SAP systems as one standatize systems to Nestle and its subsidiaries comapny.The first Nestle ERP implementation began at Nestle USA, when Nestle USA decided to implement ERP systems and they selected SAP as their system solutions, this project also known as Best (Business Excellence thorough Systems Technology) (Worthen,Ben 2002). Best schedule for six years of implementation from first quater of 1997 to first quater of 2003, this project was budgeted over $200 million and would implement five SAP modules ( purchasing , financials, sales and distribution, account payable, acount receivable) (Worthen,Ben 2002 pg.1 3). This ERP project goal was to create centralize solution between Nestle comapny and their subordinate brand. The second Nestle ERP implementation happen in 1999 at Nestle UK, which decided to use SAP R/3 as Nestle USA to 18 UK manufacturing sites with 6,000 SAP users (Bryan Glick, 2001). The main objectives of this movement was to improve efficiency across the company from Nestle UK inventory management, supply chain and change business processes to be more competitive for tough competitions (Glick, Bryan, 2001). In 2000,the third and the largest ERP implementation projects up until now happen when Nestle SA(Nestle Headquater) determined to launch their Globe (Global Business Excellence) project in order to move whole company to one integrated company instead of set of individual operating units (Bendoly.E. and F.R. Jacobs ,2005). Before implementation, Nestle had around 140 different financial systems(Malcolm Whetley ,2001), but after Globe project Nestle would have only SAP for all its manufacturing, sales and distribution and financial operations( Barnes, D., 2008). Globe would cost $2.4 billion, the highest implementation cost in history (Barnes, D., 2008). Globe scopes were developing business processes best practices, creating data management and data standards and standardize Nestles information systems by using Mysap.com (Ray, R., 2010). Ray, R., 2010 claimed that in 2006, Globe covered half of Nestlà ©s food and beverage business with overall coverage of 90,000 users, 300 factories and 350 distribution centers Means Part: SAP Key technologies: SAP R/3 ERP applications operate though separate functional modules that control specific operation such as accounting, inventory management and integrated with SAP database together. All functional modules could perform separately according to client system environment and also can effectively integrate with non-SAP application. For example, Nestle USA did not implement SAP Advanced Planner and Optimizer (SAP APO) for their supply chain management systems but using Manugistics supply chain management systems instead ,Manugistics and SAP could perform smoothly together results in saving $325 million for Nestle USAs supply chain improvement (Worthen, Ben 2002). In addition, SAP contains industry solutions package that enhance SAP performance in specific industry such as leasing, industrials, banking, which have industry-specific functionality. Moreover, due to centralize database, all module could use data from database without redundancy problems. For example, account receivable modu les use same existing customer master data as sales and distribution use when doing account receivable related functions. Last but not least, even SAP is software package systems but SAP could customize the application modules for specific client requirement by using ABAP language, specify SAP programming language. SAP R/3 can divide into 4 function parts; logistics, accounting, human resources and cross applications (figure1.0 R/3 systems). sap R3 systems.png Figure 1.0: R/3 systems SAP R/3 Logistic parts consists of 3 main modules responsible for logistics with in companies Sales and distribution modules this module related to sales transaction such as making sales order, customer debate payback Material Management modules focus on material management within organization from posting material to company stock, posting payable data, stock information Production Planning modules focus on production planning within organization such as create bill of material and production setting. SAP R/3 accounting parts control and integration of financial information within It consists of 3 core modules to create flexible solution control over company accounting information Financial and accounting consists of modules related to manage accounting transaction within company such as account payable, account receivable, treasury. Controlling modules focus on costing method within organization. Asset Management is modules designed to manage and monitor asset information within organization. Human Resource division parts responsible for SAP resource management within organization including 3 main modules. Quality management manage control process over material quality of vendors and manufacturers Plant maintenance for maintenance task Human resource specialize module for manage human resource such as pay roll SAP cross functional application : modules that affect to many modules when it was implement Project management modules include tools for project management Work flow modules focus on process control within SAP systems Industries solution is specific modules to enhance performance in some industries such as leasing , manufacturing , media. SAP building methodology In order to implement SAP ERP systems, organization need to be revised their own business process first in order to create highest performance after SAP implementation. SAP called this method ASAP (Accelerate SAP implement solution) which contains 4 main components ASAP methodology consists of five consecutive phases Phase 1- Project preparation: initial planning and preparation. This phase emphasized on project planning before going to collect information for business blueprint. Phase 2 Business Blueprint: documentation of the business process requirements of the company. This phase is first phase that SAP consults have met with their client to collect business process information for creating new SAP business environment in phase 3. Phase 3 Realization: implement all business and process requirements based upon the business blueprint. After collect information and create new business blueprint, SAP consult need to implement all of business process requirement to SAP systems. To illustrate, SAP FI consults would set configuration of company code, general ledger requirement and preparing for key user training. Phase 4 Final Preparation: complete testing, user training, system management and cut-over activities. This is last phase before SAP is going to real operating client server. This phase emphasized on customer new process training to let key user know how to use SAP systems. Moreover, all customization need to be finish at this phase including customization modules or forms. Phase 5 Go-Live Support: transition from implementation Last phase when all master were transferred to main production servers, SAP consults need to support real environment within organizations. PC base tools is computer base application contains various tools and templates for supporting the ASAP approach such as QA Database , ASAP roadmap, knowledge sharing. Services: SAP company will provide support information for implementation for organization that would like to use ASAP such as OSS user to ask question to SAP development team directly when client has problems related to SAP that consults cannot fixed such as patch bug, etc. R/3 resident tools provide R/3 configuration guide for all business transactions in SAP systems. SAP consult can look at implement step within configuration pages Basis of Information Systems components on SAP R/3 Data and hardware SAP R/3 manage data environment though client and server basis, SAP users can process their transactions though GUI (graphic user interfaces) then data will transmit though application servers (can be use one or many application server depends on usage) to main database (Three-tier Client/Server Architecture) which application servers located the SAP software and the database servers handle documents and master data databases. (figure 2.1) or can be operate though Two-tier Client/Server Architecture by transfer data from GUI to main database directly (mostly use for training configuration) in 2 tier architecture database manage both transactions data and software together (figure 2.2). Figure 2.1 three tier client/server architecture Figure 2.2 second tier client/server architecture Software and telecommunication SAP R/3 can operate with wide range of hardware, operating systems, database(figure 3.0 SAP R/3 technology environment and their GUI can be manage though both window OS and mac OS. Moreover, for SAP telecommunication SAP systems can effectively interact to its server by using LAN, WLAN or internet access to SAP serer to maintain client and server communications. r3 technology environment.png Figure 3.0 SAP R/3 Technology environment Human/people SAP has 3 types of users Key users; person who use SAP according to their training and receive limited authorization within user responsible areas such as key user for accounting , account payable , sales. Functional consultants; consultants who specialized in separate modules such as Financial and Accounting, Sales and Distribution, Material Management. Technical consultants; technical specialist who can divide separately in 2 position for SAP systems and SAP infrastructure ABAP programmer is programmer who specializes on ABAP programming language which used for SAP modification or customization. Basis is technical specialist who emphasized on hardware and software related to SAP infrastructure such as Why SAP SAP has experience in large scale implementation to many multi-national companies some is Nestle competitors such as Kraft food. SAP company also have effective implementation methodology called Accelerate SAP method for implementation (ASAP) that Nestle used this method until Nestle Globe project in order to create standardize best practices business processes (Ray, R.,2010) SAP systems could answer all Nestle objectives within one system in term of data integration, business processes and also data management. For example, problems of redundant vendor master data can be fixed by SAP master data principles that manage vendor master from both accounting and purchasing sides (figure 4.0). This solution provide account payable modules to collect vendor information separate by company code but use same purchasing module with organization segment result of one standardize general ledger can be used for all Nestle and their subsidiaries company (sap financial,N.D.) . ap p76.jpg Figure 4.0 the complete vendor master data SAP is suit for Nestle Global project because SAP has multi-language packages that can use with many countries in the world to create standardize understanding over SAP usage. By using standard local language SAP can reduce training and let local understanding function more easily. Objective and benefits of systems by matching with organization in global context Completive context: Barnes, D. (2008). Stated that after Nestle globe project going as plan it will create competitive advantages over main competitors such as Uniliver and Kraft food by operating more efficient in both supply and demand side. For example, Nestle can cutting number of supplier from 600,000 to 167,000 accounts, Nestle can save about $750 million a year for this process. Customer context: Nestle globe implementation would create efficient use of information among Nestle brand categories and nestle major customers such as wall-mart and Tesco which could receiving stocking shelves from nestle information systems back to their branches and use this information for more space utilization for Nestle wide range of products. (Barnes, D. 2008). Moreover, nestle Company context: Brabeck, Nestle CEO, claimed that Globe project will transform Nestle into new age of success by using information technology and standardize new process designed. For example, Nestle management could press on single button and monitor nestle performance in real-time data including geography sales, sales channel and product categories and brand. By using new technology Nestle can create more innovative strategies by combining online data and tactical approach. To illustrate, Nestle could monitor their wall-mart account managers performance by investigating profit and loss within wall-mart branches in real time (Barnes, D. 2008). Ways Part Results after SAP Implementation: First, Nestle USA by integrating difference database together Nestle USA could save net worth $325 million by using same standardize database for general ledger, vendor and customer master data for all Nestle branches and their subsidiaries company. (Worthen, Ben,  2002) Second, Nestle UK ERP implementation met its success by reducing 50% of inventory stocks after implement SAP due to improvement business processes and efficient control over inventories (Glick, Bryan, 2001). Last, Nestle Globe project create new strategic movement to Nestle by shifting from individual business thinking (normal ERP systems) into joint business thinking (coordinate ERP systems) that relied on integrated information between Nestle core unit such as purchasing , sales and use information to create value to key vendors and key customers( Bendoly, E. and F. R. Jacobs, 2005). Bendoly, E. and F. R. Jacobs, 2005 claimed that in 2006 this globe project create estimated total profit for overall program CHF 3 billion per annual. However, Nestle ERP implementation also had many drawbacks most of it from business process re-engineering. First, Nestle USA got in trouble when they launch go-lived in big bang method but most of their key user still cannot operate new systems; do not understand new business process. Then, Best project SAP support met trouble with enormous problems. Next, Jeri Dun, Nestle USA CIO, stated that turnover rate among Nestle demand forecasting employee increase to 77 percent after SAP project go-lived. Next, technical problems due to non-integrated function during go-lived phase, due to project deadline before Y2K in year 2000 consulting and staffs of Best projects had very limit time before it will launch therefore, Nestle got in trouble with integrated function between key modules. For example, integrated function between sales and distribution (SD) modules and accounting receivable module were missing. When sales persons use SAP to post discount rate for customers, A/R module did not interact with discount from SD modules result in wrong billing information was send to customers (Worthen, Ben.  2002). Nestle business objective Nestle has objective to create standardize for its business processes architecture and Nestle data. By using same standard processes to whole Nestle organization could easily to manage its international branches around the world. Moreover, Nestle decided to reduce their information systems into one systems SAP to be more effective control over all Nestle organization. Combine three objectives for standardize business processes , systems and data together, Nestle would receive benefits of standardization and coordination of their operations which could eliminate redundant processes and coordinate marketing activities for global customers (Bendoly, E. and F. R. Jacobs ,2005). How systems help organization to achieve its business objective SAP systems would helped Nestle to re-engineer its business process and forced Nestlà ©s employees to change their previous business processes into new standardize best practices because Nestlà ©s employee need to work according to processes setting with SAP systems though standard master data and business processes. Identify IT in Strategic point of View: Bendoly, E. and F. R. Jacobs, 2005 defined Nestle Globe as evolution process from individual business unit thinking (unique ERP systems) to joint business unit thinking (coordinated ERP systems) under Sap technology. From Nestle new systems share information with their suppliers and customers to create jointly working with Nestle suppliers and customers. To illustrate, Nestle could share information with its customers like wall-mart and create joint promotion program for new products. Therefore, IT has important role in organization strategic planning in order to create competitive advantages over competitors. Identify IT in Operation Point of View Information Technology is core component to operation processes within organization, because all company need tools to collect operation records for future usage such as audit, management report supported. By comparing integrated systems like SAP and non integrated systems, integrated systems like SAP could provide more benefit to company operation efficient. For example, case of Nestle USA that can SAP to eliminate redundant data for vanilla vendor master in al factories result in large amount of saving for purchasing goods. Identify IT in Tactical Point of View In tactical after Nestle Globe project, nestle can performed decentralize process to transform their organization into lean and fast moving company. Globe project will provide more accurate information related to specific area to let local boss to remain close to their customers or take an action related to change within their territories without wait for top management decision (Barnes, D. 2008). Nestle manage can adapt faster and more effective by using information such as products profit and loss within their area and use these information to create product tactical decision within that area. How IT help the organization achieve the objectives and other benefits First, by using combination of standardize systems, master data and business processes, Nestle can maximize benefits of SAP systems in global term not just Nestle in some countries. Standardization create same understanding toward information based from SAP systems and can create synergy cooperation within global groups such as innovation sharing between different countries or successful product launch from one countries can be monitor by Nestle company located in other countries. This phenomenon create Nestle united into One global Nestle organization and cannot be made without using Information systems. Second, standardize process also cannot be made without control process done in SAP client that lead Nestle employee to work on standardize process to create standard data that all Nestle employee understand and use in practice in same manner. Third, Nestle Globe project is major improve Nestle competitive advantages by lean large organization business process and create consolidate solution from SAP systems such as lean supply chain management, consolidate purchasing. SAP is in role of integration all data together in its database systems and provide decision support systems base on integrated data. For example, SAP APO use data from SAP logistic part (sales, material management, production planning) and integrated data together to generate information report provide to responsible persons.

Effects of MTV Essay -- essays research papers

The negative effects of MTV on our society and culture What do you think about when you hear the word MTV? Carson Daily counting down the top ten on Total Request Live? Bam Margera doing insane stunts on his new show BAM? How about The Wild Boys chasing alligators and poisonous snakes? MTV has revolutionized and affected the whole world through its negative influence on society and culture. MTV has in many ways corrupted our youths and American culture with shows such as Jackass, with their dangerous acts of stupid ness, and Marilyn Manson encouraging suicide and murder. One can say MTV is promoting violence. MTV has grown to be a major component in the music industry and its change from video based programming in the past to the television series focused on today has had some major ef...

politics today :: essays research papers

What is politics? Throughout history, people have participated in politics on many different levels. They may have participated through a direct democracy, in which they directly governed, or they may have participated through a representative democracy, in which they participated by electing representatives. As citizens’, people have participated in politics to attain the things they needed or wanted, the valued things. Participation in politics has been the way that people have a voice and change the things that directly affect their lives. Throughout the course of history, politics has been the competition of ideas; they decide who gets what, when, where and how. Politics is the means for attaining valued things. Although, valued things are different in every society, the means of securing those things has never changed. The competition for power, authority and influence will always be the backbone of politics. Applying power, authority and influence to the valued things that support the public good, will produce the quality of life a society desires. In the present day, citizens in the United States demand certain valued things such as welfare, education, safe streets and healthcare. Through politics, citizens can apply their power in many different ways to get the things they want. Power is the ability to get someone to do something they may or may not want to do. Through the use of or the application of coercion, persuasion, manipulation and negotiation, power is used to influence the system. It would seem as if valued things, such as safe streets and healthcare, would already be established in a society such as ours. Using safe streets as an example, it is hard to believe a person would not support safe streets. But the discussion about safe streets is not exactly whether we want them or not. The disagreement on this topic, and most political topics, is how much should be spent fiscally on achieving and maintaining safe streets. The question of how much money should be spent on what and where is usually decided by whomever or whatever has applied the most power, influence and authority. How active or inactive should the government be in getting valued things? Politics must be used as the means of answering this question. Politics should be used to attain the things that the society needs most and should represent all of the people equally. In America today, there is a general, underlying equality that has been offered to everyone.

Social Media: Is It Good or Bad?

Social Media: Is it Good or Bad? It is incredible that only fifteen years ago, people were still using the postal services as their primary source for communication. Although the United Postal Service has not gone out of business, people are switching over from the old fashion stamp and letter to e-mails, social media sites, and instant messaging as a more convenient way of exchanging information. In just a few years, the usage of social media sites, like Facebook and Twitter, has been increasing exponentially, and is becoming more and more active (Zuckerberg).However, despite the conveniences, the popularity of social media has also gained averse viewpoints from a more traditionally conservative audience. Nevertheless, social media has beneficially changed society because of its educational benefits, public relation tools, and communicational conveniences. As the popularity of social media increases, so do the amount of educational benefits. Education is an important aspect in any s ort of society because it mentally prepares a generation to lead future businesses, industries, and governments in the future.In some areas of the world, the availability of schools and teachers are scarce. Even in the United States, certain students are deprived of higher leveled learning because educators are not found in those specific areas. But with the resources we have through the internet, we can provide education to people all around the world, as long as they can access it. â€Å"84 percent of teenagers today† are currently using methods, such as instant messaging, as a means of educational communication (Blake 5).There are benefits that can be derived from learning in a virtual classroom, such as confidentiality; with the idea of being anonymous behind a computer screen, students are also less intimidated to engage in class discussions and ask questions (Blake 5). These new innovative techniques of learning can stimulate more advance levels of thinking. As technolo gy and social media continue to grow, so will the availability of these online education programs. While the education receives benefits through social media, another area of society takes full advantage of the tools provided by online networking as well.In recent years, social media has become a very valued method of spreading information to a mass audience. Since many people use social media sites, groups like industries, businesses, and organizations utilize Facebook pages and twitter to post updates and information. Social media provides â€Å"communities of interest† for marketers to target specific audiences (Martin 220). It is much easier to track groups of people who are interested in a specific product by searching their ‘likes' on Facebook or their comments on Youtube.This technique becomes much more efficient than sending advertisements in the mail to every house in a neighborhood after doing surveys. Even Barrack Obama was able to gain publicity through the power of social media; his â€Å"name [gained national] recognition in 2004† which eventually led to the title of the United States president (Martin 220). As long as his public relations officers were able to locate communities of interest, they were able to win over support through networks on social media sites.Even if you already have a stable access to education, and you do not seek any tools for public relations, social media can still serve as a valuable resource. Communication is the obvious reason for why we all use social media; beside using to advertising and education, we use social media to chat with our friends and communicate with our family. When families live very far away, people are able to reconnect with them through a network of social media. Even in jobs, people often use Facebook groups to create an online virtual community to build stronger bonds among the workers (Melwood).This is the same for people who use instant messaging to communicate with frien ds at school. Social media provides many benefits because it is just one of the many things that has been invented to make our lives easier. Social media has not always been this convenient but it has definitely come a long way; even up to this day, it is evolving and becoming even more convenient for the usage of others. The more people get involved in the virtual world of social media, the more benefits become available. Works Cited Blake, Robert J. Brave New Digital Classroom: Technology and Foreign Language Learning. Washington, D.C. : Georgetown UP, 2008. Print. Page 5 Martin, Dick. Secrets of the Marketing Masters: What the Best Marketers Do–and Why It Works. New York: American Management Association, 2009. Print. Melwood, Ronnelle. â€Å"3 Benefits of Creating a Facebook Group. †Ã‚  Benefits of a Facebook Group. SetUFreeVA, 13 June 2011. Web. 15 Oct. 2012. . Zuckerberg, Mark. â€Å"One Billion People on Facebook. †Ã‚  One Billion People on Facebook. Faceb ook, 4 Oct. 2012. Web. 11 Oct. 2012. .